\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
\else
-\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks]{hyperref}
+\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks,colorlinks=true]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{thumbpdf}
\pdfcompresslevel=9
\fi
\makeindex
\begin{document}
-\newcommand{\gnusversionname}{Oort Gnus v.}
+\newcommand{\gnusversionname}{Oort Gnus v0.06}
\newcommand{\gnuschaptername}{}
\newcommand{\gnussectionname}{}
\thispagestyle{empty}
-Copyright \copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
+Copyright \copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file documents Gnus, the GNU Emacs newsreader.
-Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
+Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
+Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
spool or your mbox file. All at the same time, if you want to push your
luck.
-This manual corresponds to Oort Gnus v.
+This manual corresponds to Oort Gnus v0.06.
@end ifinfo
Group Topics
-* Topic Variables:: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way.
* Topic Commands:: Interactive E-Z commands.
+* Topic Variables:: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way.
* Topic Sorting:: Sorting each topic individually.
* Topic Topology:: A map of the world.
* Topic Parameters:: Parameters that apply to all groups in a topic.
* Choosing Articles:: Reading articles.
* Paging the Article:: Scrolling the current article.
* Reply Followup and Post:: Posting articles.
-* Delayed Articles::
+* Delayed Articles::
* Marking Articles:: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc.
* Limiting:: You can limit the summary buffer.
* Threading:: How threads are made.
* Summary Mail Commands:: Sending mail.
* Summary Post Commands:: Sending news.
* Summary Message Commands:: Other Message-related commands.
-* Canceling and Superseding::
+* Canceling and Superseding::
Marking Articles
* Unread Articles:: Marks for unread articles.
* Read Articles:: Marks for read articles.
* Other Marks:: Marks that do not affect readedness.
-* Setting Marks::
-* Generic Marking Commands::
-* Setting Process Marks::
+* Setting Marks::
+* Generic Marking Commands::
+* Setting Process Marks::
Marking Articles
* Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice.
* Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away.
* Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
+* Article Header:: Doing various header transformations.
* Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
* Article Date:: Grumble, UT!
+* Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys
* Article Signature:: What is a signature?
* Article Miscellania:: Various other stuff.
* Summary Group Information:: Information oriented commands.
* Searching for Articles:: Multiple article commands.
-* Summary Generation Commands::
+* Summary Generation Commands::
* Really Various Summary Commands:: Those pesky non-conformant commands.
Article Buffer
Composing Messages
* Mail:: Mailing and replying.
-* Posting Server:: What server should you post via?
+* Posting Server:: What server should you post and mail via?
* Mail and Post:: Mailing and posting at the same time.
* Archived Messages:: Where Gnus stores the messages you've sent.
* Posting Styles:: An easier way to specify who you are.
* Drafts:: Postponing messages and rejected messages.
* Rejected Articles:: What happens if the server doesn't like your article?
-* Using GPG:: How to use GPG and MML to sign and encrypt messages
+* Signing and encrypting:: How to compose secure messages.
Select Methods
* Duplicates:: Dealing with duplicated mail.
* Not Reading Mail:: Using mail back ends for reading other files.
* Choosing a Mail Back End:: Gnus can read a variety of mail formats.
-* Archiving Mail:: How to backup your mail.
Mail Sources
Browsing the Web
+* Archiving Mail::
* Web Searches:: Creating groups from articles that match a string.
* Slashdot:: Reading the Slashdot comments.
* Ultimate:: The Ultimate Bulletin Board systems.
Agent Commands
-* Group Agent Commands::
-* Summary Agent Commands::
-* Server Agent Commands::
+* Group Agent Commands::
+* Summary Agent Commands::
+* Server Agent Commands::
Scoring
* Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back.
* NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
* Undo:: Some actions can be undone.
+* Predicate Specifiers:: Specifying predicates.
* Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator.
-* Image Enhancements:: There are more pictures and stuff under XEmacs.
+* Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images.
* Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz?
* Thwarting Email Spam:: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
* Various Various:: Things that are really various.
* Tabulation:: Tabulating your output.
* Wide Characters:: Dealing with wide characters.
-XEmacs Enhancements
+Image Enhancements
-* Picons:: How to display pictures of what your reading.
+* Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading.
* Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
+* X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image.
* Toolbar:: Click'n'drool.
* XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.
* Hard Picons:: The way you should do it. You'll learn something.
* Picon Useless Configuration:: Other variables you can trash/tweak/munge/play with.
+Thwarting Email Spam
+
+* Anti-Spam Basics:: Simple steps to reduce the amount of spam.
+* SpamAssassin:: How to use external anti-spam tools.
+* Hashcash:: Reduce spam by burning CPU time.
+
Appendices
+* XEmacs:: Requirements for installing under XEmacs.
* History:: How Gnus got where it is today.
* On Writing Manuals:: Why this is not a beginner's guide.
* Terminology:: We use really difficult, like, words here.
* Troubleshooting:: What you might try if things do not work.
* Gnus Reference Guide:: Rilly, rilly technical stuff.
* Emacs for Heathens:: A short introduction to Emacsian terms.
+* Frequently Asked Questions::
History
Back End Interface
-* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
-* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
+* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
+* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
* Error Messaging:: How to get messages and report errors.
* Writing New Back Ends:: Extending old back ends.
* Hooking New Back Ends Into Gnus:: What has to be done on the Gnus end.
Information from the slave files has, of course, precedence over the
information in the normal (i.e., master) @code{.newsrc} file.
+If the @code{.newsrc*} files have not been saved in the master when the
+slave starts, you may be prompted as to whether to read an auto-save
+file. If you answer "yes", the unsaved changes to the master will be
+incorporated into the slave. If you answer "no", the slave may see some
+messages as unread that have been read in the master.
@node Fetching a Group
@section Fetching a Group
meant for setting some ground rules, while the other variable is used
more for user fiddling. By default this variable makes all new groups
that come from mail back ends (@code{nnml}, @code{nnbabyl},
-@code{nnfolder}, @code{nnmbox}, and @code{nnmh}) subscribed. If you
-don't like that, just set this variable to @code{nil}.
+@code{nnfolder}, @code{nnmbox}, @code{nnmh}, and @code{nnmaildir})
+subscribed. If you don't like that, just set this variable to
+@code{nil}.
New groups that match this regexp are subscribed using
@code{gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method}.
gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} command to clear out all data
that you have on your native groups. Use with caution.
+@kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data
+@findex gnus-group-clear-data
+Clear the data from the current group only---nix out marks and the
+list of read articles (@code{gnus-group-clear-data}).
+
After changing servers, you @strong{must} move the cache hierarchy away,
since the cached articles will have wrong article numbers, which will
affect which articles Gnus thinks are read.
+@code{gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} will ask you if you want
+to have it done automatically; for @code{gnus-group-clear-data}, you
+can use @kbd{M-x gnus-cache-move-cache} (but beware, it will move the
+cache for all groups).
@node Startup Files
Estimated total number of articles. (This is really @var{max-number}
minus @var{min-number} plus 1.)
-Gnus uses this estimation because the NNTP protocol provides efficient
-access to @var{max-number} and @var{min-number} but getting the true
-unread message count is not possible efficiently. For hysterical
-raisins, even the mail back ends, where the true number of unread
-messages might be available efficiently, use the same limited
-interface. To remove this restriction from Gnus means that the
-back end interface has to be changed, which is not an easy job. If you
+Gnus uses this estimation because the @sc{nntp} protocol provides
+efficient access to @var{max-number} and @var{min-number} but getting
+the true unread message count is not possible efficiently. For
+hysterical raisins, even the mail back ends, where the true number of
+unread messages might be available efficiently, use the same limited
+interface. To remove this restriction from Gnus means that the back
+end interface has to be changed, which is not an easy job. If you
want to work on this, please contact the Gnus mailing list.
@item y
(cond (window-system
(setq custom-background-mode 'light)
(defface my-group-face-1
- '((t (:foreground "Red" :bold t))) "First group face")
+ '((t (:foreground "Red" :bold t))) "First group face")
(defface my-group-face-2
- '((t (:foreground "DarkSeaGreen4" :bold t))) "Second group face")
+ '((t (:foreground "DarkSeaGreen4" :bold t))) "Second group face")
(defface my-group-face-3
- '((t (:foreground "Green4" :bold t))) "Third group face")
+ '((t (:foreground "Green4" :bold t))) "Third group face")
(defface my-group-face-4
- '((t (:foreground "SteelBlue" :bold t))) "Fourth group face")
+ '((t (:foreground "SteelBlue" :bold t))) "Fourth group face")
(defface my-group-face-5
- '((t (:foreground "Blue" :bold t))) "Fifth group face")))
+ '((t (:foreground "Blue" :bold t))) "Fifth group face")))
(setq gnus-group-highlight
'(((> unread 200) . my-group-face-1)
@item unseen
Place point on the subject line of the first unseen article.
+@item unseen-or-unread
+Place point on the subject line of the first unseen article, and if
+there is no such article, place point on the subject line of the first
+unread article.
+
@item best
Place point on the subject line of the highest-scored unread article.
@item G w
@kindex G w (Group)
@findex gnus-group-make-web-group
-@cindex DejaNews
-@cindex Alta Vista
-@cindex InReference
+@cindex Google
@cindex nnweb
+@cindex gmane
Make an ephemeral group based on a web search
(@code{gnus-group-make-web-group}). If you give a prefix to this
command, make a solid group instead. You will be prompted for the
search engine type and the search string. Valid search engine types
-include @code{dejanews}, @code{altavista} and @code{reference}.
+include @code{google}, @code{dejanews}, and @code{gmane}.
@xref{Web Searches}.
-If you use the @code{dejanews} search engine, you can limit the search
+If you use the @code{google} search engine, you can limit the search
to a particular group by using a match string like
-@samp{~g alt.sysadmin.recovery shaving}.
+@samp{shaving group:alt.sysadmin.recovery}.
@item G DEL
@kindex G DEL (Group)
See also @code{gnus-parameter-to-list-alist}.
+@anchor{subscribed}
+@item subscribed
+@cindex subscribed
+If this parameter is set to @code{t}, Gnus will consider the
+to-address and to-list parameters for this group as addresses of
+mailing lists you are subscribed to. Giving Gnus this information is
+(only) a first step in getting it to generate correct Mail-Followup-To
+headers for your posts to these lists. Look here @pxref{(message)Mailing
+Lists} for a complete treatment of available MFT support.
+
+See also @code{gnus-find-subscribed-addresses}, the function that
+directly uses this group parameter.
+
@item visible
@cindex visible
If the group parameter list has the element @code{(visible . t)},
generated, if @code{(gcc-self . "string")} is present, this string will
be inserted literally as a @code{gcc} header. This parameter takes
precedence over any default @code{Gcc} rules as described later
-(@pxref{Archived Messages}).
+(@pxref{Archived Messages}). CAVEAT:: It yields an error putting
+@code{(gcc-self . t)} in groups of a @code{nntp} server or so, because
+a @code{nntp} server doesn't accept artciles.
@item auto-expire
@cindex auto-expire
Here are some examples:
@table @code
-@item [read]
-Display only read articles.
+@item [unread]
+Display only unread articles.
@item [not expire]
Display everything except expirable articles.
The available operators are @code{not}, @code{and} and @code{or}.
Predicates include @code{tick}, @code{unsend}, @code{undownload},
-@code{read}, @code{dormant}, @code{expire}, @code{reply},
+@code{unread}, @code{dormant}, @code{expire}, @code{reply},
@code{killed}, @code{bookmark}, @code{score}, @code{save},
-@code{cache}, @code{forward}, @code{seen} and @code{recent}.
+@code{cache}, @code{forward}, @code{unseen} and @code{recent}.
@end table
Commands}) the following Sieve code is generated:
@example
- if address \"sender\" \"sieve-admin@@extundo.com\" @{
- fileinto \"INBOX.list.sieve\";
- @}
+if address \"sender\" \"sieve-admin@@extundo.com\" @{
+ fileinto \"INBOX.list.sieve\";
+@}
@end example
The Sieve language is described in RFC 3028. @xref{Top, , Top, sieve,
in the summary buffer you enter, and the form @code{nil} will be
@code{eval}ed there.
+@vindex gnus-list-identifiers
+A use for this feature, is to remove a mailing list identifier tag in
+the subject fields of articles. E.g. if the news group
+@samp{nntp+news.gnus.org:gmane.text.docbook.apps} has the tag
+@samp{DOC-BOOK-APPS:} in the subject of all articles, this tag can be
+removed from the article subjects in the summary buffer for the group by
+putting @code{(gnus-list-identifiers "DOCBOOK-APPS:")} into the group
+parameters for the group.
+
+
This can also be used as a group-specific hook function, if you'd like.
If you want to hear a beep when you enter a group, you could put
something like @code{(dummy-variable (ding))} in the parameters of that
Sort the groups alphabetically by back end name
(@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-method}).
+@item G P s
+@kindex G P s (Group)
+@findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups
+Sort the groups according to @code{gnus-group-sort-function}.
+
@end table
And finally, note that you can use @kbd{C-k} and @kbd{C-y} to manually
List all groups that Gnus knows about in a topics-ified way
(@code{gnus-topic-list-active}).
+@item T M-n
+@kindex T M-n (Topic)
+@findex gnus-topic-goto-next-topic
+Go to the next topic (@code{gnus-topic-goto-next-topic}).
+
+@item T M-p
+@kindex T M-p (Topic)
+@findex gnus-topic-goto-previous-topic
+Go to the next topic (@code{gnus-topic-goto-previous-topic}).
+
@item G p
@kindex G p (Topic)
@findex gnus-topic-edit-parameters
Sort the current topic alphabetically by server name
(@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-server}).
+@item T S s
+@kindex T S s
+@findex gnus-topic-sort-groups
+Sort the current topic according to the function(s) given by the
+@code{gnus-group-sort-function} variable
+(@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups}).
+
@end table
-@xref{Sorting Groups}, for more information about group sorting.
+When given a prefix argument, all these commands will sort in reverse
+order. @xref{Sorting Groups}, for more information about group
+sorting.
@node Topic Topology
"%M\%S\%p\%P\%5y: %(%-40,40g%) %6,6~(cut 2)d\n")
@end lisp
+If you would like greater control of the time format, you can use a
+user-defined format spec. Something like the following should do the
+trick:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-group-line-format
+ "%M\%S\%p\%P\%5y: %(%-40,40g%) %ud\n")
+(defun gnus-user-format-function-d (headers)
+ (let ((time (gnus-group-timestamp gnus-tmp-group)))
+ (if time
+ (format-time-string "%b %d %H:%M" time)
+ "")))
+@end lisp
+
@node File Commands
@subsection File Commands
@example
if address "sender" "owner-ding@@hpc.uh.edu" @{
- fileinto "INBOX.ding";
- stop;
+ fileinto "INBOX.ding";
+ stop;
@}
@end example
* Choosing Articles:: Reading articles.
* Paging the Article:: Scrolling the current article.
* Reply Followup and Post:: Posting articles.
-* Delayed Articles::
+* Delayed Articles::
* Marking Articles:: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc.
* Limiting:: You can limit the summary buffer.
* Threading:: How threads are made.
@code{gnus-goto-colon} which does whatever you like with the cursor.)
@xref{Positioning Point}.
-The default string is @samp{%U%R%z%I%(%[%4L: %-23,23n%]%) %s\n}.
+The default string is @samp{%U%R%z%I%(%[%4L: %-23,23f%]%) %s\n}.
The following format specification characters and extended format
specification(s) are understood:
@item n
The name (from the @code{From} header).
@item f
-The name, code @code{To} header or the @code{Newsgroups} header
-(@pxref{To From Newsgroups}).
+The name, @code{To} header or the @code{Newsgroups} header (@pxref{To
+From Newsgroups}).
@item a
The name (from the @code{From} header). This differs from the @code{n}
spec in that it uses the function designated by the
A related variable is @code{nnmail-extra-headers}, which controls when
to include extra headers when generating overview (@sc{nov}) files. If
you have old overview files, you should regenerate them after changing
-this variable.
+this variable, by entering the server buffer using `^', and then `g' on
+the appropriate mail server (e.g. nnml) to cause regeneration.
@vindex gnus-summary-line-format
You also have to instruct Gnus to display the data by changing the
"Your Name Here")
@end lisp
-Now, this is mostly useful for mail groups, where you have control over
+(The values listed above are the default values in Gnus. Alter them
+to fit your needs.)
+
+A note for news server administrators, or for users who wish to try to
+convince their news server administrator to provide some additional
+support:
+
+The above is mostly useful for mail groups, where you have control over
the @sc{nov} files that are created. However, if you can persuade your
-nntp admin to add:
+nntp admin to add (in the usual implementation, notably INN):
@example
Newsgroups:full
@kindex G b (Summary)
@kindex , (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-best-unread-article
-Go to the article with the highest score
-(@code{gnus-summary-best-unread-article}).
+Go to the unread article with the highest score
+(@code{gnus-summary-best-unread-article}). If given a prefix argument,
+go to the first unread article that has a score over the default score.
@item G l
@itemx l
* Summary Mail Commands:: Sending mail.
* Summary Post Commands:: Sending news.
* Summary Message Commands:: Other Message-related commands.
-* Canceling and Superseding::
+* Canceling and Superseding::
@end menu
@code{Reply-to}) and @code{Cc} headers in all the process/prefixed
articles. This command uses the process/prefix convention.
+@item S V
+@kindex S V (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-very-wide-reply-with-original
+Mail a very wide reply to the author of the current article and include the
+original message (@code{gnus-summary-very-wide-reply-with-original}). This
+command uses the process/prefix convention.
+
@item S o m
@itemx C-c C-f
@kindex S o m (Summary)
is forwarded according to the value of (@code{message-forward-as-mime})
and (@code{message-forward-show-mml}); if the prefix is 1, decode the
message and forward directly inline; if the prefix is 2, forward message
-as an rfc822 MIME section; if the prefix is 3, decode message and
-forward as an rfc822 MIME section; if the prefix is 4, forward message
+as an rfc822 @sc{mime} section; if the prefix is 3, decode message and
+forward as an rfc822 @sc{mime} section; if the prefix is 4, forward message
directly inline; otherwise, the message is forwarded as no prefix given
but use the flipped value of (@code{message-forward-as-mime}). By
-default, the message is decoded and forwarded as an rfc822 MIME section.
+default, the message is decoded and forwarded as an rfc822 @sc{mime}
+section.
@item S m
@itemx m
ship a mail to a different account of yours. (If you're both
@code{root} and @code{postmaster} and get a mail for @code{postmaster}
to the @code{root} account, you may want to resend it to
-@code{postmaster}. Ordnung muß sein!
+@code{postmaster}. Ordnung muss sein!
This command understands the process/prefix convention
(@pxref{Process/Prefix}).
of (@code{message-forward-as-mime}) and
(@code{message-forward-show-mml}); if the prefix is 1, decode the
message and forward directly inline; if the prefix is 2, forward message
-as an rfc822 MIME section; if the prefix is 3, decode message and
-forward as an rfc822 MIME section; if the prefix is 4, forward message
+as an rfc822 @sc{mime} section; if the prefix is 3, decode message and
+forward as an rfc822 @sc{mime} section; if the prefix is 4, forward message
directly inline; otherwise, the message is forwarded as no prefix given
but use the flipped value of (@code{message-forward-as-mime}). By
-default, the message is decoded and forwarded as an rfc822 MIME section.
+default, the message is decoded and forwarded as an rfc822 @sc{mime} section.
@item S O p
@kindex S O p (Summary)
@code{nndraft:delayed} group.
And whenever you get new news, Gnus looks through the group for articles
-which are due and sends them. It uses the @code{gnus-delay-send-drafts}
+which are due and sends them. It uses the @code{gnus-delay-send-queue}
function for this. By default, this function is added to the hook
@code{gnus-get-new-news-hook}. But of course, you can change this.
Maybe you want to use the demon to send drafts? Just tell the demon to
-execute the @code{gnus-delay-send-drafts} function.
+execute the @code{gnus-delay-send-queue} function.
@table @code
@item gnus-delay-initialize
@findex gnus-delay-initialize
By default, this function installs the @kbd{C-c C-j} key binding in
-Message mode and @code{gnus-delay-send-drafts} in
+Message mode and @code{gnus-delay-send-queue} in
@code{gnus-get-new-news-hook}. But it accepts two optional arguments,
@code{no-keymap} and @code{no-check}. If @code{no-keymap} is non-nil,
the @kbd{C-c C-j} binding is not intalled. If @code{no-check} is
answered) will be marked with an @samp{A} in the second column
(@code{gnus-replied-mark}).
+@item
@vindex gnus-forwarded-mark
All articles that you have forwarded will be marked with an @samp{F} in
the second column (@code{gnus-forwarded-mark}).
-@vindex gnus-recent-mark
-Articles that are ``recently'' arrived in the group will be marked
-with an @samp{N} in the second column (@code{gnus-recent-mark}). Most
-back end doesn't support the mark, in which case it's not shown.
-
@item
@vindex gnus-cached-mark
Articles stored in the article cache will be marked with an @samp{*} in
Articles that according to the back end haven't been seen by the user
before are marked with a @samp{N} in the second column
(@code{gnus-recent-mark}). Note that not all back ends support this
-mark, in which case it simply never appear.
+mark, in which case it simply never appears.
@item
@vindex gnus-unseen-mark
@item / p
@kindex / p (Summary)
-@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-display-parameter
+@findex gnus-summary-limit-to-display-predicate
Limit the summary buffer to articles that satisfy the @code{display}
group parameter predicate
-(@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-display-parameter}). See @pxref{Group
+(@code{gnus-summary-limit-to-display-predicate}). See @pxref{Group
Parameters} for more on this predicate.
@item / E
@item gnus-simplify-whitespace
@findex gnus-simplify-whitespace
Remove excessive whitespace.
+
+@item gnus-simplify-all-whitespace
+@findex gnus-simplify-all-whitespace
+Remove all whitespace.
@end table
You may also write your own functions, of course.
to @code{some} or a number. If you set it to a number, no more than
that number of extra old headers will be fetched. In either case,
fetching old headers only works if the back end you are using carries
-overview files---this would normally be @code{nntp}, @code{nnspool} and
-@code{nnml}. Also remember that if the root of the thread has been
-expired by the server, there's not much Gnus can do about that.
+overview files---this would normally be @code{nntp}, @code{nnspool},
+@code{nnml}, and @code{nnmaildir}. Also remember that if the root of
+the thread has been expired by the server, there's not much Gnus can do
+about that.
This variable can also be set to @code{invisible}. This won't have any
visible effects, but is useful if you use the @kbd{A T} command a lot
If non-@code{nil}, all threads will be hidden when the summary buffer is
generated.
+This can also be a predicate specifier (@pxref{Predicate Specifiers}).
+Avaliable predicates are @code{gnus-article-unread-p} and
+@code{gnus-article-unseen-p}).
+
+Here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-thread-hide-subtree
+ '(or gnus-article-unread-p
+ gnus-article-unseen-p))
+@end lisp
+
+(It's a pretty nonsensical example, since all unseen articles are also
+unread, but you get my drift.)
+
+
@item gnus-thread-expunge-below
@vindex gnus-thread-expunge-below
All threads that have a total score (as defined by
@item T n
@kindex T n (Summary)
-@itemx C-M-n
+@itemx C-M-f
@kindex C-M-n (Summary)
@itemx M-down
@kindex M-down (Summary)
@item T p
@kindex T p (Summary)
-@itemx C-M-p
+@itemx C-M-b
@kindex C-M-p (Summary)
@itemx M-up
@kindex M-up (Summary)
@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-author
@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-number
@vindex gnus-thread-sort-functions
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-most-recent-thread
If you are using a threaded summary display, you can sort the threads by
setting @code{gnus-thread-sort-functions}, which can be either a single
function, a list of functions, or a list containing functions and
By default, sorting is done on article numbers. Ready-made sorting
predicate functions include @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-number},
@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-author}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-subject},
-@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-date}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-score}, and
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-date}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-score},
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-most-recent-number},
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-most-recent-date} and
@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-total-score}.
Each function takes two threads and returns non-@code{nil} if the first
files, and @kbd{gnus-cache-generate-active} will (re)generate the active
file.
+@findex gnus-cache-move-cache
+@code{gnus-cache-move-cache} will move your whole
+@code{gnus-cache-directory} to some other location. You get asked to
+where, isn't that cool?
@node Persistent Articles
@section Persistent Articles
approach (uudecoding, unsharing) you should use @code{gnus-uu}
(@pxref{Decoding Articles}).
+For the commands listed here, the target is a file. If you want to
+save to a group, see the @kbd{B c} (@code{gnus-summary-copy-article})
+command (@pxref{Mail Group Commands}).
+
@vindex gnus-save-all-headers
If @code{gnus-save-all-headers} is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will not delete
unwanted headers before saving the article.
these articles easier.
@menu
-* Article Highlighting:: You want to make the article look like fruit salad.
-* Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice.
-* Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away.
-* Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
-* Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
-* Article Date:: Grumble, UT!
-* Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys
-* Article Signature:: What is a signature?
-* Article Miscellania:: Various other stuff.
+* Article Highlighting:: You want to make the article look like fruit salad.
+* Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice.
+* Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away.
+* Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
+* Article Header:: Doing various header transformations.
+* Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
+* Article Date:: Grumble, UT!
+* Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys
+* Article Signature:: What is a signature?
+* Article Miscellania:: Various other stuff.
@end menu
@item W v
@kindex W v (Summary)
-@findex gnus-summary-verbose-header
+@findex gnus-summary-verbose-headers
Toggle whether to display all headers in the article buffer permanently
-(@code{gnus-summary-verbose-header}).
+(@code{gnus-summary-verbose-headers}).
@item W o
@kindex W o (Summary)
like @code{\222} or @code{\264} where you're expecting some kind of
apostrophe or quotation mark, then try this wash.
+@item W k
+@kindex W k (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-outlook-deuglify-article
+@cindex Outlook Express
+Deuglify broken Outlook (Express) articles and redisplay
+(@code{gnus-article-outlook-deuglify-article}).
+
@item W w
@kindex W w (Summary)
@findex gnus-article-fill-cited-article
Quoted-Printable is one common @sc{mime} encoding employed when sending
non-ASCII (i. e., 8-bit) articles. It typically makes strings like
@samp{déjà vu} look like @samp{d=E9j=E0 vu}, which doesn't look very
-readable to me. Note that the this is usually done automatically by
+readable to me. Note that this is usually done automatically by
Gnus if the message in question has a @code{Content-Transfer-Encoding}
header that says that this encoding has been done.
If a prefix is given, a charset will be asked for.
@findex gnus-article-de-base64-unreadable
Treat base64 (@code{gnus-article-de-base64-unreadable}).
Base64 is one common @sc{mime} encoding employed when sending non-ASCII
-(i. e., 8-bit) articles. Note that the this is usually done
+(i. e., 8-bit) articles. Note that this is usually done
automatically by Gnus if the message in question has a
@code{Content-Transfer-Encoding} header that says that this encoding has
been done.
common encoding employed when sending Chinese articles. It typically
makes strings look like @samp{~@{<:Ky2;S@{#,NpJ)l6HK!#~@}}.
+@item W u
+@kindex W u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-unsplit-urls
+Remove newlines from within URLs. Some mailers insert newlines into
+outgoing email messages to keep lines short. This reformatting can
+split long URLs onto multiple lines. Repair those URLs by removing
+the newlines (@code{gnus-article-unsplit-urls}).
+
@item W h
@kindex W h (Summary)
@findex gnus-article-wash-html
-Treat HTML (@code{gnus-article-wash-html}).
-Note that the this is usually done automatically by Gnus if the message
-in question has a @code{Content-Type} header that says that this type
-has been done.
+Treat @sc{html} (@code{gnus-article-wash-html}). Note that this is
+usually done automatically by Gnus if the message in question has a
+@code{Content-Type} header that says that the message is @sc{html}.
+
If a prefix is given, a charset will be asked for.
+@vindex gnus-article-wash-function
+The default is to use the function specified by
+@code{mm-inline-text-html-renderer} (@pxref{Customization, , , emacs-mime})
+to convert the @sc{html}, but this is controlled by the
+@code{gnus-article-wash-function} variable. Pre-defined functions you
+can use include:
+
+@table @code
+@item w3
+Use Emacs/w3.
+
+@item w3m
+Use emacs-w3m (see @uref{http://emacs-w3m.namazu.org/} for more
+information).
+
+@item links
+Use Links (see @uref{http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/}).
+
+@item lynx
+Use Lynx (see @uref{http://lynx.browser.org/}).
+
+@item html2text
+Use html2text -- a simple @sc{html} converter included with Gnus.
+
+@end table
+
@item W b
@kindex W b (Summary)
@findex gnus-article-add-buttons
@item W s
@kindex W s (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-force-verify-and-decrypt
-Verify a signed (PGP, PGP/MIME or S/MIME) message
-(@code{gnus-summary-force-verify-and-decrypt}).
-
-@item W u
-@kindex W u (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers
-Unfold folded header lines (@code{gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers}).
-
-@item W n
-@kindex W n (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups
-Fold the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-To} headers
-(@code{gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups}).
+Verify a signed (PGP, @sc{pgp/mime} or @sc{s/mime}) message
+(@code{gnus-summary-force-verify-and-decrypt}). @xref{Security}.
-@item W W H
-@kindex W W H (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-strip-headers-from-body
+@item W a
+@kindex W a (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-strip-headers-in-body
Strip headers like the @code{X-No-Archive} header from the beginning of
-article bodies (@code{gnus-article-strip-headers-from-body}).
+article bodies (@code{gnus-article-strip-headers-in-body}).
@item W E l
@kindex W E l (Summary)
@xref{Customizing Articles}, for how to wash articles automatically.
+@node Article Header
+@subsection Article Header
+
+These commands perform various transformations of article header.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W G u
+@kindex W G u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers
+Unfold folded header lines (@code{gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers}).
+
+@item W G n
+@kindex W G n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups
+Fold the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-To} headers
+(@code{gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups}).
+
+@item W G f
+@kindex W G f (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-fold-header
+Fold all the message headers
+(@code{gnus-article-treat-fold-headers}).
+
+@item W E w
+@kindex W E w
+@findex gnus-article-remove-leading-whitespace
+Remove excessive whitespace from all headers
+(@code{gnus-article-remove-leading-whitespace}).
+
+@end table
+
+
@node Article Buttons
@subsection Article Buttons
@cindex buttons
@item regexp
All text that match this regular expression will be considered an
external reference. Here's a typical regexp that matches embedded URLs:
-@samp{<URL:\\([^\n\r>]*\\)>}.
+@samp{<URL:\\([^\n\r>]*\\)>}. This can also be a variable containing a
+regexp, useful variables to use include @code{gnus-button-url-regexp}.
@item button-par
Gnus has to know which parts of the matches is to be highlighted. This
Smileys are those little @samp{:-)} symbols that people like to litter
their messages with (@pxref{Smileys}).
+All these functions are toggles--if the elements already exist,
+they'll be removed.
+
@table @kbd
@item W D x
@kindex W D x (Summary)
@item W D s
@kindex W D s (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-toggle-smiley
-Toggle whether to display smileys
-(@code{gnus-article-toggle-smiley}).
+@findex gnus-treat-smiley
+Display smileys (@code{gnus-treat-smiley}).
@item W D f
@kindex W D f (Summary)
@kindex W D n (Summary)
@findex gnus-treat-newsgroups-picon
Piconify all news headers (i. e., @code{Newsgroups} and
-@code{Followup-To}) (@code{gnus-treat-from-picon}).
+@code{Followup-To}) (@code{gnus-treat-newsgroups-picon}).
+
+@item W D D
+@kindex W D D (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-remove-images
+Remove all images from the article buffer
+(@code{gnus-article-remove-images}).
@end table
@node MIME Commands
-@section @sc{mime} Commands
+@section MIME Commands
@cindex MIME decoding
@cindex attachments
@cindex viewing attachments
This command looks in the @code{Content-Type} header to determine the
charset. If there is no such header in the article, you can give it a
prefix, which will prompt for the charset to decode as. In regional
-groups where people post using some common encoding (but do not include
-MIME headers), you can set the @code{charset} group/topic parameter to
-the required charset (@pxref{Group Parameters}).
+groups where people post using some common encoding (but do not
+include @sc{mime} headers), you can set the @code{charset} group/topic
+parameter to the required charset (@pxref{Group Parameters}).
@item W M v
@kindex W M v (Summary)
match.
Here's an example setting that will first try the current method, and
-then ask Deja if that fails:
+then ask Google if that fails:
@lisp
(setq gnus-refer-article-method
'(current
- (nnweb "refer" (nnweb-type dejanews))))
+ (nnweb "refer" (nnweb-type google))))
@end lisp
Most of the mail back ends support fetching by @code{Message-ID}, but
-do not do a particularly excellent job at it. That is, @code{nnmbox}
-and @code{nnbabyl} are able to locate articles from any groups, while
-@code{nnml}, @code{nnfolder} and @code{nnimap}1 are only able to locate
-articles that have been posted to the current group. (Anything else
-would be too time consuming.) @code{nnmh} does not support this at
-all.
+do not do a particularly excellent job at it. That is, @code{nnmbox},
+@code{nnbabyl}, and @code{nnmaildir} are able to locate articles from
+any groups, while @code{nnml}, @code{nnfolder}, and @code{nnimap} are
+only able to locate articles that have been posted to the current group.
+(Anything else would be too time consuming.) @code{nnmh} does not
+support this at all.
@node Alternative Approaches
@vindex gnus-preserve-marks
Move the article from one mail group to another
(@code{gnus-summary-move-article}). Marks will be preserved if
-@var{gnus-preserve-marks} is non-@code{nil} (which is the default).
+@code{gnus-preserve-marks} is non-@code{nil} (which is the default).
@item B c
@kindex B c (Summary)
@c @icon{gnus-summary-mail-copy}
Copy the article from one group (mail group or not) to a mail group
(@code{gnus-summary-copy-article}). Marks will be preserved if
-@var{gnus-preserve-marks} is non-@code{nil} (which is the default).
+@code{gnus-preserve-marks} is non-@code{nil} (which is the default).
@item B B
@kindex B B (Summary)
(@code{gnus-summary-import-article}). You will be prompted for a file
name, a @code{From} header and a @code{Subject} header.
+@item B I
+@kindex B I (Summary)
+@findex gnus-summary-create-article
+Create an empty article in the current mail newsgroups
+(@code{gnus-summary-create-article}). You will be prompted for a
+@code{From} header and a @code{Subject} header.
+
@item B r
@kindex B r (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-respool-article
@code{gnus-summary-respool-default-method} will be used as the default
select method when respooling. This variable is @code{nil} by default,
which means that the current group select method will be used instead.
-Marks will be preserved if @var{gnus-preserve-marks} is non-@code{nil}
+Marks will be preserved if @code{gnus-preserve-marks} is non-@code{nil}
(which is the default).
@item B w
@kindex e (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-edit-article
@kindex C-c C-c (Article)
+@findex gnus-summary-edit-article-done
Edit the current article (@code{gnus-summary-edit-article}). To finish
editing and make the changes permanent, type @kbd{C-c C-c}
-(@kbd{gnus-summary-edit-article-done}). If you give a prefix to the
+(@code{gnus-summary-edit-article-done}). If you give a prefix to the
@kbd{C-c C-c} command, Gnus won't re-highlight the article.
@item B q
propagation is much faster than news propagation, and the news copy may
just not have arrived yet.
+@item K E
+@kindex K E (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-encrypt-body
+@vindex gnus-article-encrypt-protocol
+Encrypt the body of an article (@code{gnus-article-encrypt-body}).
+The body is encrypted with the encryption protocol specified by the
+variable @code{gnus-article-encrypt-protocol}.
+
@end table
@vindex gnus-move-split-methods
@menu
* Summary Group Information:: Information oriented commands.
* Searching for Articles:: Multiple article commands.
-* Summary Generation Commands::
+* Summary Generation Commands::
* Really Various Summary Commands:: Those pesky non-conformant commands.
@end menu
(setq gnus-newsgroup-variables
'(message-use-followup-to
(gnus-visible-headers .
- "^From:\\|^Newsgroups:\\|^Subject:\\|^Date:\\|^To:")))
+ "^From:\\|^Newsgroups:\\|^Subject:\\|^Date:\\|^To:")))
@end lisp
@end table
@section Security
Gnus is able to verify signed messages or decrypt encrypted messages.
-The formats that are supported are PGP (plain text, RFC 1991 format),
-PGP/MIME (RFC 2015/3156) and S/MIME, however you need some external
-programs to get things to work:
+The formats that are supported are PGP, @sc{pgp/mime} and @sc{s/mime},
+however you need some external programs to get things to work:
@enumerate
@item
-To verify or decrypt PGP messages, you have to install mailcrypt or
-gpg.el as well as a OpenPGP implementation (such as GnuPG). @xref{Using GPG}.
+To handle PGP messages, you have to install mailcrypt or gpg.el as
+well as a OpenPGP implementation (such as GnuPG).
@item
-To verify or decrypt S/MIME message, you need to install OpenSSL.
-OpenSSL 0.9.6 or newer is recommended.
+To handle @sc{s/mime} message, you need to install OpenSSL. OpenSSL 0.9.6
+or newer is recommended.
@end enumerate
More information on how to set things up can be found in the message
-manual. @xref{Security, ,Security, message, The Message Manual}.
+manual (@pxref{Security, ,Security, message, Message Manual}).
@table @code
@item mm-verify-option
@item mm-decrypt-option
@vindex mm-decrypt-option
Option of decrypting encrypted parts. @code{never}, no decryption;
-@code{always}, always decrypt @code{known}, only decrypt known
+@code{always}, always decrypt; @code{known}, only decrypt known
protocols. Otherwise, ask user.
@end table
@node Mailing List
@section Mailing List
+@kindex A M (summary)
+@findex gnus-mailing-list-insinuate
Gnus understands some mailing list fields of RFC 2369. To enable it,
either add a `to-list' group parameter (@pxref{Group Parameters}),
-possibly using @kbd{A M} in the summary buffer, or say:
+possibly using @kbd{A M} (@code{gnus-mailing-list-insinuate}) in the
+summary buffer, or say:
@lisp
(add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'turn-on-gnus-mailing-list-mode)
Remove all @code{To} headers if there are more than one.
@end table
-To include these three elements, you could say something like;
+To include these three elements, you could say something like:
@lisp
(setq gnus-boring-article-headers
@table @kbd
@findex gnus-article-press-button
@item RET (Article)
+@kindex RET (Article)
@itemx BUTTON-2 (Article)
Toggle displaying of the @sc{mime} object
-(@code{gnus-article-press-button}).
+(@code{gnus-article-press-button}). If builtin viewers can not display
+the object, Gnus resorts to external viewers in the @file{mailcap}
+files. If a viewer has the @samp{copiousoutput} specification, the
+object is displayed inline.
@findex gnus-mime-view-part
@item M-RET (Article)
+@kindex M-RET (Article)
@itemx v (Article)
Prompt for a method, and then view the @sc{mime} object using this
method (@code{gnus-mime-view-part}).
@findex gnus-mime-view-part-as-type
@item t (Article)
+@kindex t (Article)
View the @sc{mime} object as if it were a different @sc{mime} media type
(@code{gnus-mime-view-part-as-type}).
@findex gnus-mime-view-part-as-charset
-@itemx C (Article)
+@item C (Article)
+@kindex C (Article)
Prompt for a charset, and then view the @sc{mime} object using this
charset (@code{gnus-mime-view-part-as-charset}).
@findex gnus-mime-save-part
@item o (Article)
+@kindex o (Article)
Prompt for a file name, and then save the @sc{mime} object
(@code{gnus-mime-save-part}).
@findex gnus-mime-save-part-and-strip
@item C-o (Article)
+@kindex C-o (Article)
Prompt for a file name, then save the @sc{mime} object and strip it from
the article. Then proceed to article editing, where a reasonable
suggestion is being made on how the altered article should look
@findex gnus-mime-copy-part
@item c (Article)
+@kindex c (Article)
Copy the @sc{mime} object to a fresh buffer and display this buffer
(@code{gnus-mime-copy-part}).
+@findex gnus-mime-print-part
+@item p (Article)
+@kindex p (Article)
+Print the @sc{mime} object (@code{gnus-mime-print-part}). This
+command respects the @samp{print=} specifications in the
+@file{.mailcap} file.
+
@findex gnus-mime-inline-part
@item i (Article)
+@kindex i (Article)
Insert the contents of the @sc{mime} object into the buffer
(@code{gnus-mime-inline-part}) as text/plain. If given a prefix, insert
the raw contents without decoding. If given a numerical prefix, you can
@code{gnus-summary-show-article-charset-alist} in @pxref{Paging the
Article}).
-@findex gnus-mime-internalize-part
+@findex gnus-mime-view-part-internally
@item E (Article)
+@kindex E (Article)
View the @sc{mime} object with an internal viewer. If no internal
viewer is available, use an external viewer
-(@code{gnus-mime-internalize-part}).
+(@code{gnus-mime-view-part-internally}).
-@findex gnus-mime-externalize-part
+@findex gnus-mime-view-part-externally
@item e (Article)
+@kindex e (Article)
View the @sc{mime} object with an external viewer.
-(@code{gnus-mime-externalize-part}).
+(@code{gnus-mime-view-part-externally}).
@findex gnus-mime-pipe-part
@item | (Article)
+@kindex | (Article)
Output the @sc{mime} object to a process (@code{gnus-mime-pipe-part}).
@findex gnus-mime-action-on-part
@item . (Article)
+@kindex . (Article)
Interactively run an action on the @sc{mime} object
(@code{gnus-mime-action-on-part}).
@end table
Gnus will display some @sc{mime} objects automatically. The way Gnus
-determines which parts to do this with is described in the Emacs MIME
-manual.
+determines which parts to do this with is described in the Emacs
+@sc{mime} manual.
It might be best to just use the toggling functions from the article
buffer to avoid getting nasty surprises. (For instance, you enter the
@table @code
@item gnus-treat-buttonize (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-buttonize-head (head)
+
+@xref{Article Buttons}.
+
@item gnus-treat-capitalize-sentences (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-overstrike (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-cr (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-headers-in-body (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-leading-blank-lines (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-multiple-blank-lines (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-pem (t, last, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-pgp (t, last, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-trailing-blank-lines (t, last, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-unsplit-urls (t, integer)
+
+@xref{Article Washing}.
+
@item gnus-treat-date-english (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-iso8601 (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-lapsed (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-original (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-user-defined (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-ut (head)
-@item gnus-treat-display-picons (head)
+
+@xref{Article Date}.
+
+@item gnus-treat-from-picon (head)
+@item gnus-treat-mail-picon (head)
+@item gnus-treat-newsgroups-picon (head)
+
+@xref{Picons}.
+
@item gnus-treat-display-smileys (t, integer)
+
+@item gnus-treat-body-boundary (head)
+
+@vindex gnus-body-boundary-delimiter
+Adds a delimiter between header and body, the string used as delimiter
+is controlled by @code{gnus-body-boundary-delimiter}.
+
+@xref{Smileys}.
+
@item gnus-treat-display-xface (head)
+
+@xref{X-Face}.
+
@item gnus-treat-emphasize (t, head, integer)
@item gnus-treat-fill-article (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-fill-long-lines (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-hide-citation-maybe (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-hide-headers (head)
@item gnus-treat-hide-signature (t, last)
+
+@xref{Article Hiding}.
+
@item gnus-treat-highlight-citation (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-highlight-headers (head)
@item gnus-treat-highlight-signature (t, last, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-overstrike (t, integer)
+
+@xref{Article Highlighting}.
+
@item gnus-treat-play-sounds
-@item gnus-treat-strip-cr (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-headers-in-body (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-leading-blank-lines (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-multiple-blank-lines (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-pem (t, last, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-pgp (t, last, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-trailing-blank-lines (t, last, integer)
@item gnus-treat-translate
@item gnus-treat-x-pgp-sig (head)
-@item gnus-treat-from-picon (head)
-@item gnus-treat-mail-picon (head)
-@item gnus-treat-newsgroups-picon (head)
+
@item gnus-treat-unfold-headers (head)
+@item gnus-treat-fold-headers (head)
@item gnus-treat-fold-newsgroups (head)
-@item gnus-treat-body-boundary (head)
+@item gnus-treat-leading-whitespace (head)
+
+@xref{Article Header}.
+
+
@end table
@vindex gnus-part-display-hook
@findex gnus-article-prev-button
Go to the previous button, if any (@code{gnus-article-prev-button}).
+@item R
+@kindex R (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-reply-with-original
+Send a reply to the current article and yank the current article
+(@code{gnus-article-reply-with-original}). If given a prefix, make a
+wide reply. If the region is active, only yank the text in the
+region.
+
+@item F
+@kindex F (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-followup-with-original
+Send a followup to the current article and yank the current article
+(@code{gnus-article-followup-with-original}). If given a prefix, make
+a wide reply. If the region is active, only yank the text in the
+region.
+
+
@end table
@cindex followup
@cindex post
@cindex using gpg
+@cindex using s/mime
+@cindex using smime
@kindex C-c C-c (Post)
All commands for posting and mailing will put you in a message buffer
where you can edit the article all you like, before you send the
-article by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}. @xref{Top, , Top, message, The
+article by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}. @xref{Top, , Overview, message,
Message Manual}. Where the message will be posted/mailed to depends
on your setup (@pxref{Posting Server}).
@menu
* Mail:: Mailing and replying.
-* Posting Server:: What server should you post via?
+* Posting Server:: What server should you post and mail via?
* Mail and Post:: Mailing and posting at the same time.
* Archived Messages:: Where Gnus stores the messages you've sent.
* Posting Styles:: An easier way to specify who you are.
* Drafts:: Postponing messages and rejected messages.
* Rejected Articles:: What happens if the server doesn't like your article?
-* Using GPG:: How to use GPG and MML to sign and encrypt messages
+* Signing and encrypting:: How to compose secure messages.
@end menu
Also see @pxref{Canceling and Superseding} for information on how to
If non-@code{nil}, add a @code{to-list} group parameter to mail groups
that have none when you do a @kbd{a}.
+@item gnus-confirm-mail-reply-to-news
+@vindex gnus-confirm-mail-reply-to-news
+If non-@code{nil}, Gnus requests confirmation when replying to news.
+If you find yourself never wanting to reply to mail, but occasionally
+press R anyway, this variable might be for you.
+
@end table
Thank you for asking. I hate you.
-@vindex gnus-post-method
+It can be quite complicated.
-It can be quite complicated. Normally, Gnus will post using the same
-select method as you're reading from (which might be convenient if
-you're reading lots of groups from different private servers).
-However. If the server you're reading from doesn't allow posting,
-just reading, you probably want to use some other server to post your
-(extremely intelligent and fabulously interesting) articles. You can
-then set the @code{gnus-post-method} to some other method:
+@vindex gnus-post-method
+When posting news, Message usually invokes @code{message-send-news}
+(@pxref{News Variables, , News Variables, message, Message Manual}).
+Normally, Gnus will post using the same select method as you're
+reading from (which might be convenient if you're reading lots of
+groups from different private servers). However. If the server
+you're reading from doesn't allow posting, just reading, you probably
+want to use some other server to post your (extremely intelligent and
+fabulously interesting) articles. You can then set the
+@code{gnus-post-method} to some other method:
@lisp
(setq gnus-post-method '(nnspool ""))
Finally, if you want to always post using the native select method,
you can set this variable to @code{native}.
+When sending mail, Message invokes @code{message-send-mail-function}.
+The default function, @code{message-send-mail-with-sendmail}, pipes
+your article to the @code{sendmail} binary for further queuing and
+sending. When your local system is not configured for sending mail
+using @code{sendmail}, and you have access to a remote @sc{smtp}
+server, you can set @code{message-send-mail-function} to
+@code{smtpmail-send-it} and make sure to setup the @code{smtpmail}
+package correctly. An example:
+
+@lisp
+(setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it
+ smtpmail-default-smtp-server "YOUR SMTP HOST")
+@end lisp
+
+Other possible choises for @code{message-send-mail-function} includes
+@code{message-send-mail-with-mh}, @code{message-send-mail-with-qmail},
+and @code{feedmail-send-it}.
@node Mail and Post
@section Mail and Post
@code{gnus-message-archive-group} variable should be @code{nil}, which
is the default.
+For archiving interesting messages in a group you read, see the
+@kbd{B c} (@code{gnus-summary-copy-article}) command (@pxref{Mail
+Group Commands}).
+
@vindex gnus-message-archive-method
@code{gnus-message-archive-method} says what virtual server Gnus is to
use to store sent messages. The default is:
This variable can be used instead of @code{gnus-message-archive-group},
but the latter is the preferred method.
-@item gnus-inews-mark-gcc-as-read
-@vindex gnus-inews-mark-gcc-as-read
+@item gnus-gcc-mark-as-read
+@vindex gnus-gcc-mark-as-read
If non-@code{nil}, automatically mark @code{Gcc} articles as read.
+@item gnus-gcc-externalize-attachments
+@vindex gnus-gcc-externalize-attachments
+If @code{nil}, attach files as normal parts in Gcc copies; if a regexp
+and matches the Gcc group name, attach files as external parts; if it is
+@code{all}, attach local files as external parts; if it is other
+non-@code{nil}, the behavior is the same as @code{all}, but it may be
+changed in the future.
+
@end table
The first element in each style is called the @code{match}. If it's a
string, then Gnus will try to regexp match it against the group name.
-If it is the symbol @code{header}, then Gnus will look for header (the
-next element in the match) in the original article , and compare that to
-the last regexp in the match. If it's a function symbol, that function
-will be called with no arguments. If it's a variable symbol, then the
-variable will be referenced. If it's a list, then that list will be
-@code{eval}ed. In any case, if this returns a non-@code{nil} value,
-then the style is said to @dfn{match}.
-
-Each style may contain a arbitrary amount of @dfn{attributes}. Each
+If it is the form @code{(header MATCH REGEXP)}, then Gnus will look in
+the original article for a header whose name is MATCH and compare that
+REGEXP. MATCH and REGEXP are strings. If it's a function symbol, that
+function will be called with no arguments. If it's a variable symbol,
+then the variable will be referenced. If it's a list, then that list
+will be @code{eval}ed. In any case, if this returns a non-@code{nil}
+value, then the style is said to @dfn{match}.
+
+Each style may contain an arbitrary amount of @dfn{attributes}. Each
attribute consists of a @code{(@var{name} @var{value})} pair. The
attribute name can be one of @code{signature}, @code{signature-file},
-@code{organization}, @code{address}, @code{name} or @code{body}. The
-attribute name can also be a string. In that case, this will be used as
-a header name, and the value will be inserted in the headers of the
-article; if the value is @code{nil}, the header name will be removed.
-If the attribute name is @code{eval}, the form is evaluated, and the
-result is thrown away.
+@code{x-face-file}, @code{address} (overriding
+@code{user-mail-address}), @code{name} (overriding
+@code{(user-full-name)}) or @code{body}. The attribute name can also
+be a string or a symbol. In that case, this will be used as a header
+name, and the value will be inserted in the headers of the article; if
+the value is @code{nil}, the header name will be removed. If the
+attribute name is @code{eval}, the form is evaluated, and the result
+is thrown away.
The attribute value can be a string (used verbatim), a function with
zero arguments (the return value will be used), a variable (its value
will be used) or a list (it will be @code{eval}ed and the return value
will be used). The functions and sexps are called/@code{eval}ed in the
message buffer that is being set up. The headers of the current article
-are available through the @code{message-reply-headers} variable.
+are available through the @code{message-reply-headers} variable, which
+is a vector of the following headers: number subject from date id
+references chars lines xref extra.
+
+@vindex message-reply-headers
If you wish to check whether the message you are about to compose is
meant to be a news article or a mail message, you can check the values
(organization "People's Front Against MWM"))
("^rec.humor"
(signature my-funny-signature-randomizer))
- ((equal (system-name) "gnarly")
+ ((equal (system-name) "gnarly") ;; A form
(signature my-quote-randomizer))
- ((message-news-p)
+ (message-news-p ;; A function symbol
(signature my-news-signature))
- (header "to" "larsi.*org"
- (Organization "Somewhere, Inc."))
- ((posting-from-work-p)
+ (window-system ;; A value symbol
+ ("X-Window-System" (format "%s" window-system)))
+ ;; If I'm replying to Larsi, set the Organization header.
+ ((header "from" "larsi.*org")
+ (Organization "Somewhere, Inc."))
+ ((posting-from-work-p) ;; A user defined function
(signature-file "~/.work-signature")
(address "user@@bar.foo")
(body "You are fired.\n\nSincerely, your boss.")
(@pxref{Drafts}). When the server comes back up again, you'd then
typically enter that group and send all the articles off.
-@node Using GPG
-@section Using GPG
+@node Signing and encrypting
+@section Signing and encrypting
@cindex using gpg
+@cindex using s/mime
+@cindex using smime
+
+Gnus can digitally sign and encrypt your messages, using vanilla PGP
+format or @sc{pgp/mime} or @sc{s/mime}. For decoding such messages,
+see the @code{mm-verify-option} and @code{mm-decrypt-option} options
+(@pxref{Security}).
+
+For PGP, Gnus supports two external libraries, @sc{gpg.el} and
+@sc{Mailcrypt}, you need to install at least one of them. The
+@sc{s/mime} support in Gnus requires the external program OpenSSL.
+
+Often, you would like to sign replies to people who send you signed
+messages. Even more often, you might want to encrypt messages which
+are in reply to encrypted messages. Gnus offers
+@code{gnus-message-replysign} to enable the former, and
+@code{gnus-message-replyencrypt} for the latter. In addition, setting
+@code{gnus-message-replysignencrypted} (on by default) will sign
+automatically encrypted messages.
+
+Instructing MML to perform security operations on a @sc{mime} part is
+done using the @kbd{C-c C-m s} key map for signing and the @kbd{C-c
+C-m c} key map for encryption, as follows.
-Gnus has an ALPHA support to GPG that's provided by @file{gpg.el}. See
-@code{mm-verify-option} and @code{mm-decrypt-option} to enable Gnus to
-verify or decrypt messages accordingly.
+@table @kbd
-To use this correctly with GPG, you'll need the following lisp code in your
-@file{~/.emacs} or @file{~/.gnus}:
+@item C-c C-m s s
+@kindex C-c C-m s s
+@findex mml-secure-message-sign-smime
-@lisp
-(require 'gpg)
-(setq mml2015-use 'gpg)
-(setq mml1991-use 'gpg)
-(setq gpg-temp-directory (expand-file-name "~/.gnupg/tmp"))
-@end lisp
+Digitally sign current message using @sc{s/mime}.
+
+@item C-c C-m s o
+@kindex C-c C-m s o
+@findex mml-secure-message-sign-pgp
+
+Digitally sign current message using PGP.
+
+@item C-c C-m s p
+@kindex C-c C-m s p
+@findex mml-secure-message-sign-pgp
+
+Digitally sign current message using @sc{pgp/mime}.
+
+@item C-c C-m c s
+@kindex C-c C-m c s
+@findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-smime
-The @code{gpg-temp-directory} need to point to a directory with permissions set
-to 700, for your own safety.
+Digitally encrypt current message using @sc{s/mime}.
-To sign or encrypt your message you may choose to use the MML Security
-menu or @kbd{C-c C-m s p} to sign your message using PGP/MIME,
-@kbd{C-c C-m s s} to sign your message using S/MIME. There's also
-@kbd{C-c C-m c p} to encrypt your message with PGP/MIME and @kbd{C-c
-C-m c s} to encrypt using S/MIME. @xref{Security, ,Security, message,
-The Message Manual}.
+@item C-c C-m c o
+@kindex C-c C-m c o
+@findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgp
-Gnus will ask for your passphrase and then it will send your message, if
-you've typed it correctly.
+Digitally encrypt current message using PGP.
+
+@item C-c C-m c p
+@kindex C-c C-m c p
+@findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgpmime
+
+Digitally encrypt current message using @sc{pgp/mime}.
+
+@item C-c C-m C-n
+@kindex C-c C-m C-n
+@findex mml-unsecure-message
+Remove security related MML tags from message.
+
+@end table
+
+Also @xref{Security, ,Security, message, Message Manual}.
@node Select Methods
@chapter Select Methods
(nntp-via-rlogin-command "ssh")
@end lisp
+See also @code{nntp-via-rlogin-command-switches}.
+
If you're behind a firewall, but have direct access to the outside world
through a wrapper command like "runsocks", you could open a socksified
telnet connection to the news server as follows:
Remove all marks to whether Gnus was denied connection from any servers
(@code{gnus-server-remove-denials}).
+@item L
+@kindex L (Server)
+@findex gnus-server-offline-server
+Set server status to offline (@code{gnus-server-offline-server}).
+
@end table
@node NNTP
-@subsection @sc{nntp}
+@subsection NNTP
@cindex nntp
Subscribing to a foreign group from an @sc{nntp} server is rather easy.
@vindex nntp-via-rlogin-command
Command used to log in on the intermediate host. The default is
@samp{rsh}, but @samp{ssh} is a popular alternative.
+
+@item nntp-via-rlogin-command-switches
+@vindex nntp-via-rlogin-command-switches
+List of strings to be used as the switches to
+@code{nntp-via-rlogin-command}. The default is @code{nil}. If you use
+@samp{ssh} for `nntp-via-rlogin-command', you may set this to
+@samp{("-C")} in order to compress all data connections, otherwise set
+this to @samp{("-t")} or @samp{("-C" "-t")} if the telnet command
+requires a pseudo-tty allocation on an intermediate host.
@end table
@item nntp-open-via-telnet-and-telnet
* Duplicates:: Dealing with duplicated mail.
* Not Reading Mail:: Using mail back ends for reading other files.
* Choosing a Mail Back End:: Gnus can read a variety of mail formats.
-* Archiving Mail:: How to backup your mail.
@end menu
they want to treat a message.
Many people subscribe to several mailing lists. These are transported
-via SMTP, and are therefore mail. But we might go for weeks without
+via @sc{smtp}, and are therefore mail. But we might go for weeks without
answering, or even reading these messages very carefully. We may not
need to save them because if we should need to read one again, they are
archived somewhere else.
@code{gnus-summary-respool-trace} and related commands (@pxref{Mail
Group Commands}).
+@vindex nnmail-split-header-length-limit
+Header lines longer than the value of
+@code{nnmail-split-header-length-limit} are excluded from the split
+function.
+
+@vindex nnmail-mail-splitting-charset
+@vindex nnmail-mail-splitting-decodes
+By default the splitting codes MIME decodes headers so you can match
+on non-ASCII strings. The @code{nnmail-mail-splitting-charset}
+variable specifies the default charset for decoding. The behaviour
+can be turned off completely by binding
+@code{nnmail-mail-splitting-decodes} to nil, which is useful if you
+want to match articles based on the raw header data.
+
Gnus gives you all the opportunity you could possibly want for shooting
yourself in the foot. Let's say you create a group that will contain
all the mail you get from your boss. And then you accidentally
sometimes peek in your mailbox with a @sc{imap} client and mark some
articles as read (or; SEEN) you might want to set this to @samp{nil}.
Then all articles in the mailbox is fetched, no matter what. For a
-complete list of predicates, see RFC 2060 §6.4.4.
+complete list of predicates, see RFC 2060 section 6.4.4.
@item :fetchflag
How to flag fetched articles on the server, the default @samp{\Deleted}
will mark them as deleted, an alternative would be @samp{\Seen} which
would simply mark them as read. These are the two most likely choices,
-but more flags are defined in RFC 2060 §2.3.2.
+but more flags are defined in RFC 2060 section 2.3.2.
@item :dontexpunge
If non-nil, don't remove all articles marked as deleted in the mailbox
@end lisp
@item webmail
-Get mail from a webmail server, such as www.hotmail.com,
-webmail.netscape.com, www.netaddress.com, www.my-deja.com.
-
-NOTE: Now mail.yahoo.com provides POP3 service, so @sc{pop} mail source
-is suggested.
+Get mail from a webmail server, such as @uref{www.hotmail.com},
+@uref{webmail.netscape.com}, @uref{www.netaddress.com},
+@uref{mail.yahoo..com}.
NOTE: Webmail largely depends cookies. A "one-line-cookie" patch is
required for url "4.0pre.46".
-WARNING: Mails may lost. NO WARRANTY.
+WARNING: Mails may be lost. NO WARRANTY.
Keywords:
the back end (via @code{Gcc}, for instance) into the mail duplication
discovery cache. The default is @code{nil}.
+@item nnmail-cache-ignore-groups
+@vindex nnmail-cache-ignore-groups
+This can be a regular expression or a list of regular expressions.
+Group names that match any of the regular expressions will never be
+recorded in the @code{Message-ID} cache.
+
+This can be useful, for example, when using Fancy Splitting
+(@pxref{Fancy Mail Splitting}) together with the function
+@code{nnmail-split-fancy-with-parent}.
+
@end table
you can include @code{nnmail-split-fancy-with-parent} using the colon
feature, like so:
@lisp
-(setq nnmail-split-fancy
+(setq nnmail-treat-duplicates 'warn ; or 'delete
+ nnmail-cache-accepted-message-ids t
+ nnmail-split-fancy
'(| (: nnmail-split-fancy-with-parent)
;; other splits go here
))
also records the message ids of moved articles, so that the followup
messages goes into the new group.
+Also see the variable @code{nnmail-cache-ignore-groups} if you don't
+want certain groups to be recorded in the cache. For example, if all
+outgoing messages are written to an `outgoing' group, you could set
+@code{nnmail-cache-ignore-groups} to match that group name.
+Otherwise, answers to all your messages would end up in the
+`outgoing' group.
+
@node Group Mail Splitting
@subsection Group Mail Splitting
splits like this:
@lisp
-(: gnus-mlsplt-fancy GROUPS NO-CROSSPOST CATCH-ALL)
+(: gnus-group-split-fancy GROUPS NO-CROSSPOST CATCH-ALL)
@end lisp
@var{groups} may be a regular expression or a list of group names whose
(setq nnmail-expiry-target 'nnmail-fancy-expiry-target
nnmail-fancy-expiry-targets
'((to-from "boss" "nnfolder:Work")
- ("subject" "IMPORTANT" "nnfolder:IMPORTANT.%Y.%b")
+ ("subject" "IMPORTANT" "nnfolder:IMPORTANT.%Y.%b")
("from" ".*" "nnfolder:Archive-%Y")))
@end lisp
Clear leading white space that ``helpful'' listservs have added to the
headers to make them look nice. Aaah.
+(Note that this function works on both the header on the body of all
+messages, so it is a potentially dangerous function to use (if a body
+of a message contains something that looks like a header line). So
+rather than fix the bug, it is of course the right solution to make it
+into a feature by documenting it.)
+
@item nnmail-remove-list-identifiers
@findex nnmail-remove-list-identifiers
Some list servers add an identifier---for example, @samp{(idm)}---to the
file is first copied to your home directory. What happens after that
depends on what format you want to store your mail in.
-There are five different mail back ends in the standard Gnus, and more
+There are six different mail back ends in the standard Gnus, and more
back ends are available separately. The mail back end most people use
-(because it is the fastest and most flexible) is @code{nnml}
-(@pxref{Mail Spool}).
+(because it is possibly the fastest) is @code{nnml} (@pxref{Mail
+Spool}). You might notice that only five back ends are listed below;
+@code{nnmaildir}'s documentation has not yet been completely
+incorporated into this manual. Until it is, you can find it at
+@uref{http://multivac.cwru.edu./nnmaildir/}.
@menu
* Unix Mail Box:: Using the (quite) standard Un*x mbox.
@code{nnml} is probably the slowest back end when it comes to article
splitting. It has to create lots of files, and it also generates
-@sc{nov} databases for the incoming mails. This makes it the fastest
-back end when it comes to reading mail.
+@sc{nov} databases for the incoming mails. This makes it possibly the
+fastest back end when it comes to reading mail.
@cindex self contained nnml servers
+@cindex marks
When the marks file is used (which it is by default), @code{nnml}
servers have the property that you may backup them using @code{tar} or
similar, and later be able to restore them into Gnus (by adding the
to restore the group (after restoring the backup into the nnml
directory).
+If for some reason you believe your @file{.marks} files are screwed
+up, you can just delete them all. Gnus will then correctly regenerate
+them next time it starts.
+
Virtual server settings:
@table @code
@item nnml-marks-file-name
@vindex nnml-marks-file-name
-The name of the @sc{marks} files. The default is @file{.marks}.
+The name of the @dfn{marks} files. The default is @file{.marks}.
+
+@item nnml-use-compressed-files
+@vindex nnml-use-compressed-files
+If non-@code{nil}, @code{nnml} will allow using compressed message
+files.
@end table
dates.
@cindex self contained nnfolder servers
+@cindex marks
When the marks file is used (which it is by default), @code{nnfolder}
servers have the property that you may backup them using @code{tar} or
similar, and later be able to restore them into Gnus (by adding the
only a moderate amount of mail, @code{nnfolder} is probably the most
friendly mail back end all over.
+@item nnmaildir
+
+@code{nnmaildir} is largely similar to @code{nnml}, with some notable
+differences. Each message is stored in a separate file, but the
+filename is unrelated to the article number in Gnus. @code{nnmaildir}
+also stores the equivalent of @code{nnml}'s overview files in one file
+per article, so it uses about twice as many inodes as @code{nnml}. (Use
+@code{df -i} to see how plentiful your inode supply is.) If this slows
+you down or takes up very much space, consider switching to ReiserFS
+(@uref{http://www.namesys.com/}) or another non-block-structured
+filesystem.
+
+Since maildirs don't require locking for delivery, the maildirs you use
+as groups can also be the maildirs your mail is directly delivered to.
+This means you can skip Gnus's mail splitting if your mail is already
+organized into different mailboxes during delivery. A @code{directory}
+entry in @code{mail-sources} would have a similar effect, but would
+require one set of mailboxes for spooling deliveries (in mbox format,
+thus damaging message bodies), and another set to be used as groups (in
+whatever format you like). A maildir has a built-in spool, in the
+@code{new/} subdirectory. Beware that currently, mail moved from
+@code{new/} to @code{cur/} instead of via mail splitting will undergo
+treatment such as duplicate checking.
+
+An article will not necessarily keep the same number across Gnus
+sessions; articles are renumbered starting from 1 for each Gnus session
+(more precisely, each time you open the @code{nnmaildir} server). This
+way, you don't get gaps in your article number ranges, and when entering
+large groups, Gnus is likely to give a more accurate article count. The
+price is that @code{nnmaildir} doesn't work with the cache or agent.
+This will probably be changed in the future.
+
+@code{nnmaildir} stores article marks for a given group in the
+corresponding maildir, in a way designed so that it's easy to manipulate
+them from outside Gnus. You can tar up a maildir, unpack it somewhere
+else, and still have your marks. @code{nnml} also stores marks, but
+it's not as easy to work with them from outside Gnus as with
+@code{nnmaildir}.
+
+For configuring expiry and other things, @code{nnmaildir} uses group
+parameters slightly different from those of other mail backends.
+
+@code{nnmaildir} uses a significant amount of memory to speed things up.
+(It keeps in memory some of the things that @code{nnml} stores in files
+and that @code{nnmh} repeatedly parses out of message files.) If this
+is a problem for you, you can set the @code{nov-cache-size} group
+parameter to somthing small (0 would probably not work, but 1 probably
+would) to make it use less memory.
+
+Startup and shutdown are likely to be slower with @code{nnmaildir} than
+with other backends. Everything in between is likely to be faster,
+depending in part on your filesystem.
+
+@code{nnmaildir} does not use @code{nnoo}, so you cannot use @code{nnoo}
+to write an @code{nnmaildir}-derived backend.
+
@end table
interfaces to these sources.
@menu
+* Archiving Mail::
* Web Searches:: Creating groups from articles that match a string.
* Slashdot:: Reading the Slashdot comments.
* Ultimate:: The Ultimate Bulletin Board systems.
@cindex archiving mail
@cindex backup of mail
-Some of the back ends, notably nnml and nnfolder, now actually store
-the article marks with each group. For these servers, archiving and
-restoring a group while preserving marks is fairly simple.
+Some of the back ends, notably @code{nnml}, @code{nnfolder}, and
+@code{nnmaildir}, now actually store the article marks with each group.
+For these servers, archiving and restoring a group while preserving
+marks is fairly simple.
(Preserving the group level and group parameters as well still
-requires ritual dancing and sacrifices to the @code{.newsrc.eld} deity
+requires ritual dancing and sacrifices to the @file{.newsrc.eld} deity
though.)
-To archive an entire @code{nnml} or @code{nnfolder} server, take a
-recursive copy of the server directory. There is no need to shut down
-Gnus, so archiving may be invoked by @code{cron} or similar. You
-restore the data by restoring the directory tree, and adding a server
-definition pointing to that directory in Gnus. The @ref{Article
-Backlog}, @ref{Asynchronous Fetching} and other things might interfer
-with overwriting data, so you may want to shut down Gnus before you
-restore the data.
-
-It is also possible to archive individual @code{nnml} or
-@code{nnfolder} groups, while preserving marks. For @code{nnml}, you
-copy all files in the group's directory. For @code{nnfolder} you need
-to copy both the base folder file itself (@code{FOO}, say), and the
-marks file (@code{FOO.mrk} in this example). Restoring the group is
-done with @kbd{G m} from the Group buffer. The last step makes Gnus
-notice the new directory.
+To archive an entire @code{nnml}, @code{nnfolder}, or @code{nnmaildir}
+server, take a recursive copy of the server directory. There is no need
+to shut down Gnus, so archiving may be invoked by @code{cron} or
+similar. You restore the data by restoring the directory tree, and
+adding a server definition pointing to that directory in Gnus. The
+@ref{Article Backlog}, @ref{Asynchronous Fetching} and other things
+might interfer with overwriting data, so you may want to shut down Gnus
+before you restore the data.
+
+It is also possible to archive individual @code{nnml},
+@code{nnfolder}, or @code{nnmaildir} groups, while preserving marks.
+For @code{nnml} or @code{nnmaildir}, you copy all files in the group's
+directory. For @code{nnfolder} you need to copy both the base folder
+file itself (@file{FOO}, say), and the marks file (@file{FOO.mrk} in
+this example). Restoring the group is done with @kbd{G m} from the Group
+buffer. The last step makes Gnus notice the new directory.
+@code{nnmaildir} notices the new directory automatically, so @kbd{G m}
+is unnecessary in that case.
@node Web Searches
@subsection Web Searches
@cindex nnweb
-@cindex DejaNews
-@cindex Alta Vista
-@cindex InReference
+@cindex Google
+@cindex dejanews
+@cindex gmane
@cindex Usenet searches
@cindex searching the Usenet
manner. Not even using duplicate suppression (@pxref{Duplicate
Suppression}) will help, since @code{nnweb} doesn't even know the
@code{Message-ID} of the articles before reading them using some search
-engines (DejaNews, for instance). The only possible way to keep track
+engines (Google, for instance). The only possible way to keep track
of which articles you've read is by scoring on the @code{Date}
header---mark all articles posted before the last date you read the
group as read.
@item nnweb-type
@vindex nnweb-type
What search engine type is being used. The currently supported types
-are @code{dejanews}, @code{dejanewsold}, @code{altavista} and
-@code{reference}.
+are @code{google}, @code{dejanews}, and @code{gmane}. Note that
+@code{dejanews} is an alias to @code{google}.
@item nnweb-search
@vindex nnweb-search
@item nnweb-max-hits
@vindex nnweb-max-hits
Advisory maximum number of hits per search to display. The default is
-100.
+999.
@item nnweb-type-definition
@vindex nnweb-type-definition
(defun gnus-user-format-function-X (header)
(let ((descr
- (assq nnrss-description-field (mail-header-extra header))))
+ (assq nnrss-description-field (mail-header-extra header))))
(if descr (concat "\n\t" (cdr descr)) "")))
@end lisp
@sc{html} in the Gnus article buffers will use @code{browse-url} to
follow the link.
+
@node IMAP
-@section @sc{imap}
+@section IMAP
@cindex nnimap
@cindex @sc{imap}
specify the network address of the server.
@sc{imap} has two properties. First, @sc{imap} can do everything that
-POP can, it can hence be viewed as POP++. Secondly, @sc{imap} is a
+POP can, it can hence be viewed as a POP++. Secondly, @sc{imap} is a
mail storage protocol, similar to @sc{nntp} being a news storage
-protocol. (@sc{imap} offers more features than @sc{nntp} because news
-is more or less read-only whereas mail is read-write.)
+protocol -- however, @sc{imap} offers more features than @sc{nntp}
+because news is more or less read-only whereas mail is read-write.
-If you want to use @sc{imap} as POP++, use an imap entry in
-mail-sources. With this, Gnus will fetch mails from the @sc{imap}
-server and store them on the local disk. This is not the usage
-described in this section. @xref{Mail Sources}.
+If you want to use @sc{imap} as a POP++, use an imap entry in
+@code{mail-sources}. With this, Gnus will fetch mails from the
+@sc{imap} server and store them on the local disk. This is not the
+usage described in this section--@xref{Mail Sources}.
If you want to use @sc{imap} as a mail storage protocol, use an nnimap
-entry in gnus-secondary-select-methods. With this, Gnus will
+entry in @code{gnus-secondary-select-methods}. With this, Gnus will
manipulate mails stored on the @sc{imap} server. This is the kind of
usage explained in this section.
A server configuration in @code{~/.gnus} with a few @sc{imap} servers
-might look something like this:
+might look something like the following. (Note that for SSL/TLS, you
+need external programs and libraries, see below.)
@lisp
(setq gnus-secondary-select-methods
(nnimap-stream ssl))))
@end lisp
-(Note that for SSL/TLS to work, you need the external library
-@samp{ssl.el}, see below.)
-
The following variables can be used to create a virtual @code{nnimap}
server:
@vindex nnimap-stream
The type of stream used to connect to your server. By default, nnimap
will detect and automatically use all of the below, with the exception
-of SSL/TLS. (IMAP over SSL/TLS is being replaced by STARTTLS, which
+of SSL/TLS. (@sc{imap} over SSL/TLS is being replaced by STARTTLS, which
can be automatically detected, but it's not widely deployed yet.)
Example server specification:
@itemize @bullet
@item
-@dfn{gssapi:} Connect with GSSAPI (usually kerberos 5). Requires the
+@dfn{gssapi:} Connect with GSSAPI (usually Kerberos 5). Requires the
@samp{imtest} program.
@item
-@dfn{kerberos4:} Connect with kerberos 4. Requires the @samp{imtest} program.
+@dfn{kerberos4:} Connect with Kerberos 4. Requires the @samp{imtest} program.
@item
@dfn{starttls:} Connect via the STARTTLS extension (similar to
-SSL). Requires the external library @samp{starttls.el} and program
+SSL). Requires the external library @samp{starttls.el} and program
@samp{starttls}.
@item
-@dfn{ssl:} Connect through SSL. Requires OpenSSL (the program
+@dfn{ssl:} Connect through SSL. Requires OpenSSL (the program
@samp{openssl}) or SSLeay (@samp{s_client}) as well as the external
library @samp{ssl.el}.
@item
1.5.x and 1.6.x) you need to frob @code{imap-process-connection-type}
to make @code{imap.el} use a pty instead of a pipe when communicating
with @samp{imtest}. You will then suffer from a line length
-restrictions on IMAP commands, which might make Gnus seem to hang
+restrictions on @sc{imap} commands, which might make Gnus seem to hang
indefinitely if you have many articles in a mailbox. The variable
@code{imap-kerberos4-program} contain parameters to pass to the imtest
program.
@itemize @bullet
@item
-@dfn{gssapi:} GSSAPI (usually kerberos 5) authentication. Require
+@dfn{gssapi:} GSSAPI (usually kerberos 5) authentication. Requires
external program @code{imtest}.
@item
-@dfn{kerberos4:} Kerberos authentication. Require external program
+@dfn{kerberos4:} Kerberos 4 authentication. Requires external program
@code{imtest}.
@item
-@dfn{digest-md5:} Encrypted username/password via DIGEST-MD5. Require
+@dfn{digest-md5:} Encrypted username/password via DIGEST-MD5. Requires
external library @code{digest-md5.el}.
@item
@dfn{cram-md5:} Encrypted username/password via CRAM-MD5.
doesn't exist actually does exist. More specifically, @sc{imap} has
this concept of marking articles @code{Deleted} which doesn't actually
delete them, and this (marking them @code{Deleted}, that is) is what
-nnimap does when you delete a article in Gnus (with @kbd{G DEL} or
+nnimap does when you delete a article in Gnus (with @kbd{B DEL} or
similar).
Since the articles aren't really removed when we mark them with the
@item nnimap-importantize-dormant
@vindex nnimap-importantize-dormant
-If non-nil, marks dormant articles as ticked (as well), for other IMAP
-clients. Within Gnus, dormant articles will naturally still (only) be
-marked as ticked. This is to make dormant articles stand out, just
-like ticked articles, in other IMAP clients. (In other words, Gnus has
-two ``Tick'' marks and IMAP has only one.)
+If non-nil (the default), marks dormant articles as ticked (as well),
+for other @sc{imap} clients. Within Gnus, dormant articles will
+naturally still (only) be marked as dormant. This is to make dormant
+articles stand out, just like ticked articles, in other @sc{imap}
+clients. (In other words, Gnus has two ``Tick'' marks and @sc{imap}
+has only one.)
Probably the only reason for frobing this would be if you're trying
enable per-user persistant dormant flags, using something like:
@cindex Expunging
@vindex nnimap-expunge-search-string
-This variable contain the IMAP search command sent to server when
+This variable contain the @sc{imap} search command sent to server when
searching for articles eligible for expiring. The default is
@code{"UID %s NOT SINCE %s"}, where the first @code{%s} is replaced by
UID set and the second @code{%s} is replaced by a date.
@node Splitting in IMAP
-@subsection Splitting in @sc{imap}
+@subsection Splitting in IMAP
@cindex splitting imap mail
Splitting is something Gnus users has loved and used for years, and now
@end table
@node Editing IMAP ACLs
-@subsection Editing @sc{imap} ACLs
+@subsection Editing IMAP ACLs
@cindex editing imap acls
@cindex Access Control Lists
@cindex Editing @sc{imap} ACLs
Netscape mail boxes.
@item mime-parts
-MIME multipart messages.
+@sc{mime} multipart messages.
@item standard-digest
The standard (RFC 1153) digest format.
+@item mime-digest
+A @sc{mime} digest of messages.
+
+@item lanl-gov-announce
+Announcement messages from LANL Gov Announce.
+
+@item rfc822-forward
+A message forwarded according to RFC822.
+
+@item outlook
+The Outlook mail box.
+
+@item oe-dbx
+The Outlook Express dbx mail box.
+
+@item exim-bounce
+A bounce message from the Exim MTA.
+
+@item forward
+A message forwarded according to informal rules.
+
+@item rfc934
+An RFC934-forwarded message.
+
+@item mailman
+A mailman digest.
+
+@item clari-briefs
+A digest of Clarinet brief news items.
+
@item slack-digest
Non-standard digest format---matches most things, but does it badly.
+
+@item mail-in-mail
+The last resort.
@end table
You can also use the special ``file type'' @code{guess}, which means
This should be one of @code{mbox}, @code{babyl}, @code{digest},
@code{news}, @code{rnews}, @code{mmdf}, @code{forward}, @code{rfc934},
@code{rfc822-forward}, @code{mime-parts}, @code{standard-digest},
-@code{slack-digest}, @code{clari-briefs}, @code{nsmail},
-@code{outlook}, @code{oe-dbx}, and @code{mailman} or @code{guess}.
+@code{slack-digest}, @code{clari-briefs}, @code{nsmail}, @code{outlook},
+@code{oe-dbx}, @code{mailman}, and @code{mail-in-mail} or @code{guess}.
@item nndoc-post-type
@vindex nndoc-post-type
@node SOUP Groups
-@subsubsection @sc{soup} Groups
+@subsubsection SOUP Groups
@cindex nnsoup
@code{nnsoup} is the back end for reading @sc{soup} packets. It will
Newsgroups: alt.religion.emacs
@end example
-will get this @code{From} header inserted:
+will get this @code{To} header inserted:
@example
To: alt-religion-emacs@@GATEWAY
All marks in the virtual group will stick to the articles in the
component groups. So if you tick an article in a virtual group, the
-article will also be ticked in the component group from whence it came.
-(And vice versa---marks from the component groups will also be shown in
-the virtual group.)
+article will also be ticked in the component group from whence it
+came. (And vice versa---marks from the component groups will also be
+shown in the virtual group.). To create an empty virtual group, run
+@kbd{G V} (@code{gnus-group-make-empty-virtual}) in the group buffer
+and edit the method regexp with @kbd{M-e}
+(@code{gnus-group-edit-group-method})
Here's an example @code{nnvirtual} method that collects all Andrea Dworkin
newsgroups into one, big, happy newsgroup:
@kbd{C-c C-n} in the message buffer will insert the @code{Newsgroups}
line from the article you respond to in these cases.
+@code{nnvirtual} groups do not inherit anything but articles and marks
+from component groups---group parameters, for instance, are not
+inherited.
@node Kibozed Groups
here.
@item
-Then, put the following magical incantation at the end of your
-@file{.gnus.el} file:
+Then, put the following magical incantation in your @file{.gnus.el}
+file:
@lisp
-(gnus-agentize)
+(setq gnus-agent t)
@end lisp
@end itemize
or you could append your predicate to the predefined
@code{gnus-category-predicate-alist} in your @file{~/.gnus.el} or
-wherever. (Note: this would have to be at a point *after*
-@code{gnus-agent} has been loaded via @code{(gnus-agentize)})
+wherever.
@lisp
+(require 'gnus-agent)
(setq gnus-category-predicate-alist
(append gnus-category-predicate-alist
- '((old . my-article-old-p))))
+ '((old . my-article-old-p))))
@end lisp
and simply specify your predicate as:
@menu
-* Group Agent Commands::
-* Summary Agent Commands::
-* Server Agent Commands::
+* Group Agent Commands::
+* Summary Agent Commands::
+* Server Agent Commands::
@end menu
-You can run a complete batch fetch from the command line with the
+You can run a complete batch command from the command line with the
following incantation:
-@cindex gnus-agent-batch-fetch
+@cindex gnus-agent-batch
@example
-$ emacs -batch -l ~/.gnus.el -f gnus-agent-batch-fetch
+$ emacs -batch -l ~/.gnus.el -f gnus-agent-batch
@end example
@item J S
@kindex J S (Agent Group)
-@findex gnus-group-send-drafts
-Send all sendable messages in the draft group
-(@code{gnus-group-send-drafts}). @xref{Drafts}.
+@findex gnus-group-send-queue
+Send all sendable messages in the queue group
+(@code{gnus-group-send-queue}). @xref{Drafts}.
@item J a
@kindex J a (Agent Group)
particularly fast or efficient, and it's not a particularly good idea to
interrupt it (with @kbd{C-g} or anything else) once you've started it.
+@code{gnus-agent-expire-days} can also be a list of regexp/day pairs.
+The regexps will be matched against group names to allow differing
+expiry in different groups.
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-agent-expire-days
+ '(("alt\\." 7)
+ (".*binary" 1)
+ ("." 21)))
+@end lisp
+
+If you use the list form, the last element must always be the default
+method---it must always match all groups.
+
@vindex gnus-agent-expire-all
-if @code{gnus-agent-expire-all} is non-@code{nil}, this command will
+If @code{gnus-agent-expire-all} is non-@code{nil}, this command will
expire all articles---unread, read, ticked and dormant. If @code{nil}
(which is the default), only read articles are eligible for expiry, and
unread, ticked and dormant articles will be kept indefinitely.
+@findex gnus-agent-regenerate
+If you find that some articles eligible for expiry are never expired,
+perhaps some Gnus Agent files are corrupted. There's a special
+@code{gnus-agent-regenerate} command to fix possible problems.
@node Agent and IMAP
@subsection Agent and IMAP
@vindex gnus-agent-unplugged-hook
Hook run when disconnecting from the network.
+@item gnus-agent-fetched-hook
+@vindex gnus-agent-fetched-hook
+Hook run when after finishing fetching articles.
+
+@item gnus-agent-cache
+@vindex gnus-agent-cache
+Variable to control whether use the locally stored @sc{nov} and articles when
+plugged.
+
+@item gnus-agent-go-online
+@vindex gnus-agent-go-online
+If @code{gnus-agent-go-online} is @code{nil}, the Agent will never
+automatically switch offline servers into online status. If it is
+@code{ask}, the default, the Agent will ask if you wish to switch
+offline servers into online status when you re-connect. If it has any
+other value, all offline servers will be automatically switched into
+online status.
+
@end table
(setq gnus-secondary-select-methods '((nnml "")))
;;; Make Gnus into an offline newsreader.
-(gnus-agentize)
+;;; (gnus-agentize) ; The obsolete setting.
+(setq gnus-agent t)
@end lisp
That should be it, basically. Put that in your @file{~/.gnus.el} file,
may ask:
@table @dfn
-@item If I read an article while plugged, do they get entered into the
-Agent?
+@item If I read an article while plugged, do they get entered into the Agent?
-@strong{No.}
+@strong{No}.
-@item If I read an article while plugged, and the article already exists
-in the Agent, will it get downloaded once more?
+@item If I read an article while plugged, and the article already exists in the Agent, will it get downloaded once more?
-@strong{Yes.}
+@strong{No}, unless @code{gnus-agent-cache} is `nil'.
@end table
In short, when Gnus is unplugged, it only looks into the locally stored
-articles; when it's plugged, it only talks to your ISP.
+articles; when it's plugged, it only talks to your ISP and also uses the
+locally stored articles.
@node Scoring
Display all score rules that have been used on the current article
(@code{gnus-score-find-trace}).
+@item V w
+@kindex V w (Summary)
+@findex gnus-score-find-favourite-words
+List words used in scoring (@code{gnus-score-find-favourite-words}).
+
@item V R
@kindex V R (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-rescore
@item i
Score on the @code{Message-ID} header.
+@item e
+Score on an "extra" header, that is, one of those in gnus-extra-headers,
+if your @sc{nntp} server tracks additional header data in overviews.
+
@item f
Score on followups---this matches the author name, and adds scores to
the followups to this author. (Using this key leads to the creation of
@end table
@item
-The fourth and final key says whether this is a temporary (i.e., expiring)
-score entry, or a permanent (i.e., non-expiring) score entry, or whether
-it is to be done immediately, without adding to the score file.
+The fourth and usually final key says whether this is a temporary (i.e.,
+expiring) score entry, or a permanent (i.e., non-expiring) score entry,
+or whether it is to be done immediately, without adding to the score
+file.
@table @kbd
@item t
Immediately scoring.
@end table
+@item
+If you are scoring on `e' (extra) headers, you will then be prompted for
+the header name on which you wish to score. This must be a header named
+in gnus-extra-headers, and @samp{TAB} completion is available.
+
@end enumerate
So, let's say you want to increase the score on the current author with
@item gnus-update-score-entry-dates
@vindex gnus-update-score-entry-dates
-If this variable is non-@code{nil}, matching score entries will have
-their dates updated. (This is how Gnus controls expiry---all
-non-matching entries will become too old while matching entries will
-stay fresh and young.) However, if you set this variable to @code{nil},
-even matching entries will grow old and will have to face that oh-so
-grim reaper.
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, temporary score entries that have
+been triggered (matched) will have their dates updated. (This is how Gnus
+controls expiry---all non-matched-entries will become too old while
+matched entries will stay fresh and young.) However, if you set this
+variable to @code{nil}, even matched entries will grow old and will
+have to face that oh-so grim reaper.
@item gnus-score-after-write-file-function
@vindex gnus-score-after-write-file-function
@code{string}, @code{exact}, and @code{word} types, which you can use
instead, if you feel like.
+@item Extra
+Just as for the standard string overview headers, if you are using
+gnus-extra-headers, you can score on these headers' values. In this
+case, there is a 5th element in the score entry, being the name of the
+header to be scored. The following entry is useful in your
+@file{all.SCORE} file in case of spam attacks from a single origin host,
+if your @sc{nntp} server tracks NNTP-Posting-Host in overviews:
+
+@lisp
+("111.222.333.444" -1000 nil s "NNTP-Posting-Host")
+@end lisp
+
@item Lines, Chars
These two headers use different match types: @code{<}, @code{>},
@code{=}, @code{>=} and @code{<=}.
@chapter Various
@menu
-* Process/Prefix:: A convention used by many treatment commands.
-* Interactive:: Making Gnus ask you many questions.
-* Symbolic Prefixes:: How to supply some Gnus functions with options.
-* Formatting Variables:: You can specify what buffers should look like.
-* Window Layout:: Configuring the Gnus buffer windows.
-* Faces and Fonts:: How to change how faces look.
-* Compilation:: How to speed Gnus up.
-* Mode Lines:: Displaying information in the mode lines.
-* Highlighting and Menus:: Making buffers look all nice and cozy.
-* Buttons:: Get tendinitis in ten easy steps!
-* Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back.
-* NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
-* Undo:: Some actions can be undone.
-* Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator.
-* Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images.
-* Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz?
-* Thwarting Email Spam:: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
-* Various Various:: Things that are really various.
+* Process/Prefix:: A convention used by many treatment commands.
+* Interactive:: Making Gnus ask you many questions.
+* Symbolic Prefixes:: How to supply some Gnus functions with options.
+* Formatting Variables:: You can specify what buffers should look like.
+* Window Layout:: Configuring the Gnus buffer windows.
+* Faces and Fonts:: How to change how faces look.
+* Compilation:: How to speed Gnus up.
+* Mode Lines:: Displaying information in the mode lines.
+* Highlighting and Menus:: Making buffers look all nice and cozy.
+* Buttons:: Get tendinitis in ten easy steps!
+* Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back.
+* NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
+* Undo:: Some actions can be undone.
+* Predicate Specifiers:: Specifying predicates.
+* Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator.
+* Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images.
+* Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz?
+* Thwarting Email Spam:: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
+* Various Various:: Things that are really various.
@end menu
Also Gnus supports some extended format specifications, such as
@samp{%&user-date;}.
+
@node Mode Line Formatting
@subsection Mode Line Formatting
@item form
Use the specified form as the field value when the @samp{@@} spec is
used.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+"~(form (current-time-string))@@"
+@end lisp
+
@end table
Let's take an example. The @samp{%o} spec in the summary mode lines
command.
+@node Predicate Specifiers
+@section Predicate Specifiers
+@cindex predicate specifiers
+
+Some Gnus variables are @dfn{predicate specifiers}. This is a special
+form that allows flexible specification of predicates without having
+to type all that much.
+
+These specifiers are lists consisting of functions, symbols and lists.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+(or gnus-article-unseen-p
+ gnus-article-unread-p)
+@end lisp
+
+The available symbols are @code{or}, @code{and} and @code{not}. The
+functions all take one parameter.
+
+@findex gnus-make-predicate
+Internally, Gnus calls @code{gnus-make-predicate} on these specifiers
+to create a function that can be called. This input parameter to this
+function will be passed along to all the functions in the predicate
+specifier.
+
+
@node Moderation
@section Moderation
@cindex moderation
Gnus has taken advantage of that.
@menu
-* Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading.
-* Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
-* X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image.
-* Toolbar:: Click'n'drool.
-* XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.
+* Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading.
+* Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
+* X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image.
+* Toolbar:: Click'n'drool.
+* XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.
@end menu
picons to be installed into a location pointed to by
@code{gnus-picons-database}.
+If you are using Debian GNU/Linux, saying @samp{apt-get install
+picons.*} will install the picons where Gnus can find them.
+
@node Picon Requirements
@subsubsection Picon Requirements
@subsection X-Face
@cindex x-face
-@code{X-Face} headers describe a 48x48 pixel black-and-white image
-that's supposed to represent the author of the message. It seems to
-be supported by an ever-growing number of mail and news readers.
+@code{X-Face} headers describe a 48x48 pixel black-and-white (1 bit
+depth) image that's supposed to represent the author of the message.
+It seems to be supported by an ever-growing number of mail and news
+readers.
@cindex x-face
@findex gnus-article-display-x-face
The default action under Emacs 20 is to fork off the @code{display}
program@footnote{@code{display} is from the ImageMagick package. For
the @code{uncompface} and @code{icontopbm} programs look for a package
-like `compface' or `faces-xface' on a GNU/Linux system.} to view the
-face.
+like @code{compface} or @code{faces-xface} on a GNU/Linux system.} to
+view the face.
Under XEmacs or Emacs 21+ with suitable image support, the default
action is to display the face before the @code{From} header. (It's
(NOTE: @code{x-face} is used in the variable/function names, not
@code{xface}).
+Gnus provides a few convenience functions and variables to allow
+easier insertion of X-Face headers in outgoing messages.
+
+@findex gnus-random-x-face
+@code{gnus-random-x-face} goes through all the @samp{pbm} files
+in @code{gnus-x-face-directory} and picks one at random, and then
+converts it to the X-Face format by using the
+@code{gnus-convert-pbm-to-x-face-command} shell command. The
+@samp{pbm} files should be 48x48 pixels big.
+
+@code{gnus-x-face-from-file} takes a file as the parameter, and then
+converts the file to X-Face format by using the
+@code{gnus-convert-image-to-x-face-command} shell command.
+
+Here's how you would typically use the former function. Put something
+like the folllowing in your @file{.gnus.el} file:
+
+@lisp
+(setq message-required-news-headers
+ (nconc message-required-news-headers
+ (list '(X-Face . gnus-random-x-face))))
+@end lisp
+
+Using the latter function would be something like this:
+
+@lisp
+(setq message-required-news-headers
+ (nconc message-required-news-headers
+ (list '(X-Face . (lambda ()
+ (gnus-x-face-from-file
+ "~/My-face.gif"))))))
+@end lisp
+
@node Toolbar
@subsection Toolbar
This is annoying.
-The way to deal with this is having Gnus split out all spam into a
+@menu
+* Anti-Spam Basics:: Simple steps to reduce the amount of spam.
+* SpamAssassin:: How to use external anti-spam tools.
+* Hashcash:: Reduce spam by burning CPU time.
+@end menu
+
+@node Anti-Spam Basics
+@subsection Anti-Spam Basics
+@cindex email spam
+@cindex spam
+@cindex UCE
+@cindex unsolicited commercial email
+
+One way of dealing with spam is having Gnus split out all spam into a
@samp{spam} mail group (@pxref{Splitting Mail}).
First, pick one (1) valid mail address that you can be reached at, and
header, it's probably ok. All the rest goes to the @samp{spam} group.
(This idea probably comes from Tim Pierce.)
-In addition, many mail spammers talk directly to your @code{smtp} server
+In addition, many mail spammers talk directly to your @sc{smtp} server
and do not include your email address explicitly in the @code{To}
header. Why they do this is unknown---perhaps it's to thwart this
thwarting scheme? In any case, this is trivial to deal with---you just
to non-existent domains is yucky, in my opinion.
+
+@node SpamAssassin
+@subsection SpamAssassin, Vipul's Razor, DCC, etc
+@cindex SpamAssassin
+@cindex Vipul's Razor
+@cindex DCC
+
+The days where the hints in the previous section was sufficient in
+avoiding spam is coming to an end. There are many tools out there
+that claim to reduce the amount of spam you get. This section could
+easily become outdated fast, as new products replace old, but
+fortunately most of these tools seem to have similar interfaces. Even
+though this section will use SpamAssassin as an example, it should be
+easy to adapt it to most other tools.
+
+If the tool you are using is not installed on the mail server, you
+need to invoke it yourself. Ideas on how to use the
+@code{:postscript} mail source parameter (@pxref{Mail Source
+Specifiers}) follows.
+
+@lisp
+(setq mail-sources
+ '((file :prescript "formail -bs spamassassin < /var/mail/%u")
+ (pop :user "jrl"
+ :server "pophost"
+ :postscript "mv %t /tmp/foo; formail -bs spamc < /tmp/foo > %t")))
+@end lisp
+
+Once you managed to process your incoming spool somehow, thus making
+the mail contain e.g. a header indicating it is spam, you are ready to
+filter it out. Using normal split methods (@pxref{Splitting Mail}):
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-methods '(("spam" "^X-Spam-Flag: YES")
+ ...))
+@end lisp
+
+Or using fancy split methods (@pxref{Fancy Mail Splitting}):
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-methods 'nnmail-split-fancy
+ nnmail-split-fancy '(| ("X-Spam-Flag" "YES" "spam")
+ ...))
+@end lisp
+
+Some people might not like the idea of piping the mail through various
+programs using a @code{:prescript} (if some program is buggy, you
+might lose all mail). If you are one of them, another solution is to
+call the external tools during splitting. Example fancy split method:
+
+@lisp
+(setq nnmail-split-fancy '(| (: kevin-spamassassin)
+ ...))
+(defun kevin-spamassassin ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (let ((buf (or (get-buffer " *nnmail incoming*")
+ (get-buffer " *nnml move*"))))
+ (if (not buf)
+ (progn (message "Oops, cannot find message buffer") nil)
+ (set-buffer buf)
+ (if (eq 1 (call-process-region (point-min) (point-max)
+ "spamc" nil nil nil "-c"))
+ "spam")))))
+@end lisp
+
+That is about it. As some spam is likely to get through anyway, you
+might want to have a nifty function to call when you happen to read
+spam. And here is the nifty function:
+
+@lisp
+ (defun my-gnus-raze-spam ()
+ "Submit SPAM to Vipul's Razor, then mark it as expirable."
+ (interactive)
+ (gnus-summary-show-raw-article)
+ (gnus-summary-save-in-pipe "razor-report -f -d")
+ (gnus-summary-mark-as-expirable 1))
+@end lisp
+
+@node Hashcash
+@subsection Hashcash
+@cindex hashcash
+
+A novel technique to fight spam is to require senders to do something
+costly for each message they send. This has the obvious drawback that
+you cannot rely on that everyone in the world uses this technique,
+since it is not part of the internet standards, but it may be useful
+in smaller communities.
+
+While the tools in the previous section work well in practice, they
+work only because the tools are constantly maintained and updated as
+new form of spam appears. This means that a small percentage of spam
+will always get through. It also means that somewhere, someone needs
+to read lots of spam to update these tools. Hashcash avoids that, but
+instead requires that everyone you communicate with supports the
+scheme. You can view the two approaches as pragmatic vs dogmatic.
+The approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages, but as
+often in the real world, a combination of them is stronger than either
+one of them separately.
+
+@cindex X-Hashcash
+The ``something costly'' is to burn CPU time, more specifically to
+compute a hash collision up to a certain number of bits. The
+resulting hashcash cookie is inserted in a @samp{X-Hashcash:}
+header. For more details, and for the external application
+@code{hashcash} you need to install to use this feature, see
+@uref{http://www.cypherspace.org/~adam/hashcash/}. Even more
+information can be found at @uref{http://www.camram.org/}.
+
+If you wish to call hashcash for each message you send, say something
+like:
+
+@lisp
+(require 'hashcash)
+(add-hook 'message-send-hook 'mail-add-payment)
+@end lisp
+
+The @code{hashcash.el} library can be found at
+@uref{http://users.actrix.gen.nz/mycroft/hashcash.el}, or in the Gnus
+development contrib directory.
+
+You will need to set up some additional variables as well:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item hashcash-default-payment
+@vindex hashcash-default-payment
+This variable indicates the default number of bits the hash collision
+should consist of. By default this is 0, meaning nothing will be
+done. Suggested useful values include 17 to 29.
+
+@item hashcash-payment-alist
+@vindex hashcash-payment-alist
+Some receivers may require you to spend burn more CPU time than the
+default. This variable contains a list of @samp{(ADDR AMOUNT)} cells,
+where ADDR is the receiver (email address or newsgroup) and AMOUNT is
+the number of bits in the collision that is needed. It can also
+contain @samp{(ADDR STRING AMOUNT)} cells, where the STRING is the
+string to use (normally the email address or newsgroup name is used).
+
+@item hashcash
+@vindex hashcash
+Where the @code{hashcash} binary is installed.
+
+@end table
+
+Currently there is no built in functionality in Gnus to verify
+hashcash cookies, it is expected that this is performed by your hand
+customized mail filtering scripts. Improvements in this area would be
+a useful contribution, however.
+
@node Various Various
@section Various Various
@cindex mode lines
@chapter Appendices
@menu
+* XEmacs:: Requirements for installing under XEmacs.
* History:: How Gnus got where it is today.
* On Writing Manuals:: Why this is not a beginner's guide.
* Terminology:: We use really difficult, like, words here.
@end menu
+@node XEmacs
+@section XEmacs
+@cindex XEmacs
+@cindex Installing under XEmacs
+
+XEmacs is distributed as a collection of packages. You should install
+whatever packages the Gnus XEmacs package requires. The current
+requirements are @samp{gnus}, @samp{w3}, @samp{mh-e},
+@samp{mailcrypt}, @samp{rmail}, @samp{eterm}, @samp{mail-lib},
+@samp{xemacs-base}, and @samp{fsf-compat}.
+
+
@node History
@section History
@node Gnus Versions
@subsection Gnus Versions
-@cindex Pterodactyl Gnus
@cindex ding Gnus
@cindex September Gnus
+@cindex Red Gnus
@cindex Quassia Gnus
+@cindex Pterodactyl Gnus
+@cindex Oort Gnus
+@cindex No Gnus
The first ``proper'' release of Gnus 5 was done in November 1995 when it
was included in the Emacs 19.30 distribution (132 (ding) Gnus releases
@table @strong
-@item RFC 822
+@item RFC (2)822
@cindex RFC 822
+@cindex RFC 2822
There are no known breaches of this standard.
@item RFC 1036
various changes to the format of news articles. The Gnus towers will
look into implementing the changes when the draft is accepted as an RFC.
+@item MIME - RFC 2045-2049 etc
+@cindex MIME
+All the various @sc{mime} RFCs are supported.
+
+@item Disposition Notifications - RFC 2298
+Message Mode is able to request notifications from the receiver.
+
+@item PGP - RFC 1991 and RFC 2440
+@cindex RFC 1991
+@cindex RFC 2440
+RFC 1991 is the original PGP message specification, published as a
+Information RFC. RFC 2440 was the follow-up, now called Open PGP, and
+put on the Standards Track. Both document a non-@sc{mime} aware PGP
+format. Gnus supports both encoding (signing and encryption) and
+decoding (verification and decryption).
+
+@item PGP/MIME - RFC 2015/3156
+RFC 2015 (superceded by 3156 which references RFC 2440 instead of RFC
+1991) describes the @sc{mime}-wrapping around the RF 1991/2440 format.
+Gnus supports both encoding and decoding.
+
+@item S/MIME - RFC 2633
+RFC 2633 describes the @sc{s/mime} format.
+
+@item IMAP - RFC 1730/2060, RFC 2195, RFC 2086, RFC 2359, RFC 2595, RFC 1731
+RFC 1730 is @sc{imap} version 4, updated somewhat by RFC 2060 (@sc{imap} 4
+revision 1). RFC 2195 describes CRAM-MD5 authentication for @sc{imap}. RFC
+2086 describes access control lists (ACLs) for @sc{imap}. RFC 2359
+describes a @sc{imap} protocol enhancement. RFC 2595 describes the proper
+TLS integration (STARTTLS) with @sc{imap}. RFC 1731 describes the
+GSSAPI/Kerberos4 mechanisms for @sc{imap}.
+
@end table
If you ever notice Gnus acting non-compliant with regards to the texts
@lisp
(setq mail-sources
'((directory :path "~/mail/incoming/"
- :suffix ".in")))
+ :suffix ".in")))
@end lisp
More information is available in the info doc at Select Methods ->
Getting Mail -> Mail Sources
@item
-Gnus is now a MIME-capable reader. This affects many parts of
+Gnus is now a @sc{mime}-capable reader. This affects many parts of
Gnus, and adds a slew of new commands. See the manual for details.
@item
@item
The user can now decide which extra headers should be included in
-summary buffers and NOV files.
+summary buffers and @sc{nov} files.
@item
@code{gnus-article-display-hook} has been removed. Instead, a number
again, to keep up with ever-changing layouts.
@item
-Gnus can now read IMAP mail via @code{nnimap}.
+Gnus can now read @sc{imap} mail via @code{nnimap}.
@end itemize
@node Slow/Expensive Connection
-@subsection Slow/Expensive @sc{nntp} Connection
+@subsection Slow/Expensive NNTP Connection
If you run Emacs on a machine locally, and get your news from a machine
over some very thin strings, you want to cut down on the amount of data
If this is non-@code{nil}, all threads in the summary buffer will be
hidden initially.
+
@item gnus-updated-mode-lines
If this is @code{nil}, Gnus will not put information in the buffer mode
lines, which might save some time.
@cindex @code{nnchoke}
@menu
-* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
-* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
+* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
+* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
* Error Messaging:: How to get messages and report errors.
* Writing New Back Ends:: Extending old back ends.
* Hooking New Back Ends Into Gnus:: What has to be done on the Gnus end.
sequences (lists) of article numbers, and most back ends do not support
retrieval of @code{Message-ID}s. But they should try for both.
-The result data should either be HEADs or NOV lines, and the result
+The result data should either be HEADs or @sc{nov} lines, and the result
value should either be @code{headers} or @code{nov} to reflect this.
This might later be expanded to @code{various}, which will be a mixture
-of HEADs and NOV lines, but this is currently not supported by Gnus.
+of HEADs and @sc{nov} lines, but this is currently not supported by Gnus.
If @var{fetch-old} is non-@code{nil} it says to try fetching "extra
headers", in some meaning of the word. This is generally done by
considering the highest and lowest article numbers, but some articles
may have been canceled. Gnus just discards the total-number, so
whether one should take the bother to generate it properly (if that is a
-problem) is left as an exercise to the reader.
+problem) is left as an exercise to the reader. If the group contains no
+articles, the lowest article number should be reported as 1 and the
+highest as 0.
@example
group-status = [ error / info ] eol
@end example
On each line we have a group name, then the highest article number in
-that group, the lowest article number, and finally a flag.
+that group, the lowest article number, and finally a flag. If the group
+contains no articles, the lowest article number should be reported as 1
+and the highest as 0.
@example
active-file = *active-line
might find it cheaper to return the full list of groups, rather than
just the new groups. But don't do this for back ends with many groups.
Normally, if the user creates the groups herself, there won't be too
-many groups, so nnml and the like are probably safe. But for back ends
-like nntp, where the groups have been created by the server, it is quite
-likely that there can be many groups.
+many groups, so @code{nnml} and the like are probably safe. But for
+back ends like @code{nntp}, where the groups have been created by the
+server, it is quite likely that there can be many groups.
@item (nnchoke-request-create-group GROUP &optional SERVER)
@subsubsection Mail-like Back Ends
One of the things that separate the mail back ends from the rest of the
-back ends is the heavy dependence by the mail back ends on common
-functions in @file{nnmail.el}. For instance, here's the definition of
-@code{nnml-request-scan}:
+back ends is the heavy dependence by most of the mail back ends on
+common functions in @file{nnmail.el}. For instance, here's the
+definition of @code{nnml-request-scan}:
@lisp
(deffoo nnml-request-scan (&optional group server)
projects / gnus / blobdiff