1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
4 @settitle Message Manual
10 * Message: (message). Mail and news composition mode that goes with Gnus.
15 @setchapternewpage odd
19 This file documents Message, the Emacs message composition mode.
21 Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003
22 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
24 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
25 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
26 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
27 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
28 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
29 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
30 License'' in the Emacs manual.
32 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
33 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
34 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
36 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
37 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
38 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
39 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
47 @author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen
50 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
51 Copyright @copyright{} 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
52 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
54 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
55 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
56 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
57 Invariant Sections being none, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
58 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
59 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
60 License'' in the Emacs manual.
62 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
63 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
64 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
66 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
67 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
68 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
69 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
78 All message composition from Gnus (both mail and news) takes place in
82 * Interface:: Setting up message buffers.
83 * Commands:: Commands you can execute in message mode buffers.
84 * Variables:: Customizing the message buffers.
85 * Compatibility:: Making Message backwards compatible.
86 * Appendices:: More technical things.
87 * Index:: Variable, function and concept index.
88 * Key Index:: List of Message mode keys.
91 This manual corresponds to Message 5.10.1. Message is distributed
92 with the Gnus distribution bearing the same version number as this
99 When a program (or a person) wants to respond to a message -- reply,
100 follow up, forward, cancel -- the program (or person) should just put
101 point in the buffer where the message is and call the required command.
102 @code{Message} will then pop up a new @code{message} mode buffer with
103 appropriate headers filled out, and the user can edit the message before
107 * New Mail Message:: Editing a brand new mail message.
108 * New News Message:: Editing a brand new news message.
109 * Reply:: Replying via mail.
110 * Wide Reply:: Responding to all people via mail.
111 * Followup:: Following up via news.
112 * Canceling News:: Canceling a news article.
113 * Superseding:: Superseding a message.
114 * Forwarding:: Forwarding a message via news or mail.
115 * Resending:: Resending a mail message.
116 * Bouncing:: Bouncing a mail message.
117 * Mailing Lists:: Send mail to mailing lists.
121 @node New Mail Message
122 @section New Mail Message
125 The @code{message-mail} command pops up a new message buffer.
127 Two optional parameters are accepted: The first will be used as the
128 @code{To} header and the second as the @code{Subject} header. If these
129 are @code{nil}, those two headers will be empty.
132 @node New News Message
133 @section New News Message
136 The @code{message-news} command pops up a new message buffer.
138 This function accepts two optional parameters. The first will be used
139 as the @code{Newsgroups} header and the second as the @code{Subject}
140 header. If these are @code{nil}, those two headers will be empty.
146 @findex message-reply
147 The @code{message-reply} function pops up a message buffer that's a
148 reply to the message in the current buffer.
150 @vindex message-reply-to-function
151 Message uses the normal methods to determine where replies are to go
152 (@pxref{Responses}), but you can change the behavior to suit your needs
153 by fiddling with the @code{message-reply-to-function} variable.
155 If you want the replies to go to the @code{Sender} instead of the
156 @code{From}, you could do something like this:
159 (setq message-reply-to-function
161 (cond ((equal (mail-fetch-field "from") "somebody")
162 (list (cons 'To (mail-fetch-field "sender"))))
167 This function will be called narrowed to the head of the article that is
170 As you can see, this function should return a string if it has an
171 opinion as to what the To header should be. If it does not, it should
172 just return @code{nil}, and the normal methods for determining the To
175 This function can also return a list. In that case, each list element
176 should be a cons, where the car should be the name of an header
177 (eg. @code{Cc}) and the cdr should be the header value
178 (eg. @samp{larsi@@ifi.uio.no}). All these headers will be inserted into
179 the head of the outgoing mail.
185 @findex message-wide-reply
186 The @code{message-wide-reply} pops up a message buffer that's a wide
187 reply to the message in the current buffer. A @dfn{wide reply} is a
188 reply that goes out to all people listed in the @code{To}, @code{From}
189 (or @code{Reply-to}) and @code{Cc} headers.
191 @vindex message-wide-reply-to-function
192 Message uses the normal methods to determine where wide replies are to go,
193 but you can change the behavior to suit your needs by fiddling with the
194 @code{message-wide-reply-to-function}. It is used in the same way as
195 @code{message-reply-to-function} (@pxref{Reply}).
197 @vindex message-dont-reply-to-names
198 Addresses that match the @code{message-dont-reply-to-names} regular
199 expression will be removed from the @code{Cc} header.
201 @vindex message-wide-reply-confirm-recipients
202 If @code{message-wide-reply-confirm-recipients} is non-@code{nil} you
203 will be asked to confirm that you want to reply to multiple
204 recipients. The default is @code{nil}.
209 @findex message-followup
210 The @code{message-followup} command pops up a message buffer that's a
211 followup to the message in the current buffer.
213 @vindex message-followup-to-function
214 Message uses the normal methods to determine where followups are to go,
215 but you can change the behavior to suit your needs by fiddling with the
216 @code{message-followup-to-function}. It is used in the same way as
217 @code{message-reply-to-function} (@pxref{Reply}).
219 @vindex message-use-followup-to
220 The @code{message-use-followup-to} variable says what to do about
221 @code{Followup-To} headers. If it is @code{use}, always use the value.
222 If it is @code{ask} (which is the default), ask whether to use the
223 value. If it is @code{t}, use the value unless it is @samp{poster}. If
224 it is @code{nil}, don't use the value.
228 @section Canceling News
230 @findex message-cancel-news
231 The @code{message-cancel-news} command cancels the article in the
234 @vindex message-cancel-message
235 The value of @code{message-cancel-message} is inserted in the body of
236 the cancel message. The default is @samp{I am canceling my own
240 @vindex message-insert-canlock
242 When Message posts news messages, it inserts @code{Cancel-Lock}
243 headers by default. This is a cryptographic header that ensures that
244 only you can cancel your own messages, which is nice. The downside
245 is that if you lose your @file{.emacs} file (which is where Gnus
246 stores the secret cancel lock password (which is generated
247 automatically the first time you use this feature)), you won't be
248 able to cancel your message.
250 Whether to insert the header or not is controlled by the
251 @code{message-insert-canlock} variable.
253 Not many news servers respect the @code{Cancel-Lock} header yet, but
254 this is expected to change in the future.
260 @findex message-supersede
261 The @code{message-supersede} command pops up a message buffer that will
262 supersede the message in the current buffer.
264 @vindex message-ignored-supersedes-headers
265 Headers matching the @code{message-ignored-supersedes-headers} are
266 removed before popping up the new message buffer. The default is@*
267 @samp{^Path:\\|^Date\\|^NNTP-Posting-Host:\\|^Xref:\\|^Lines:\\|@*
268 ^Received:\\|^X-From-Line:\\|Return-Path:\\|^Supersedes:}.
275 @findex message-forward
276 The @code{message-forward} command pops up a message buffer to forward
277 the message in the current buffer. If given a prefix, forward using
281 @item message-forward-ignored-headers
282 @vindex message-forward-ignored-headers
283 All headers that match this regexp will be deleted when forwarding a message.
285 @item message-make-forward-subject-function
286 @vindex message-make-forward-subject-function
287 A list of functions that are called to generate a subject header for
288 forwarded messages. The subject generated by the previous function is
289 passed into each successive function.
291 The provided functions are:
294 @item message-forward-subject-author-subject
295 @findex message-forward-subject-author-subject
296 Source of article (author or newsgroup), in brackets followed by the
299 @item message-forward-subject-fwd
300 Subject of article with @samp{Fwd:} prepended to it.
303 @item message-wash-forwarded-subjects
304 @vindex message-wash-forwarded-subjects
305 If this variable is @code{t}, the subjects of forwarded messages have
306 the evidence of previous forwards (such as @samp{Fwd:}, @samp{Re:},
307 @samp{(fwd)}) removed before the new subject is
308 constructed. The default value is @code{nil}.
310 @item message-forward-as-mime
311 @vindex message-forward-as-mime
312 If this variable is @code{t} (the default), forwarded messages are
313 included as inline @acronym{MIME} RFC822 parts. If it's @code{nil}, forwarded
314 messages will just be copied inline to the new message, like previous,
315 non @acronym{MIME}-savvy versions of gnus would do.
317 @item message-forward-before-signature
318 @vindex message-forward-before-signature
319 If non-@code{nil}, put forwarded message before signature, else after.
327 @findex message-resend
328 The @code{message-resend} command will prompt the user for an address
329 and resend the message in the current buffer to that address.
331 @vindex message-ignored-resent-headers
332 Headers that match the @code{message-ignored-resent-headers} regexp will
333 be removed before sending the message. The default is
334 @samp{^Return-receipt}.
340 @findex message-bounce
341 The @code{message-bounce} command will, if the current buffer contains a
342 bounced mail message, pop up a message buffer stripped of the bounce
343 information. A @dfn{bounced message} is typically a mail you've sent
344 out that has been returned by some @code{mailer-daemon} as
347 @vindex message-ignored-bounced-headers
348 Headers that match the @code{message-ignored-bounced-headers} regexp
349 will be removed before popping up the buffer. The default is
350 @samp{^\\(Received\\|Return-Path\\):}.
354 @section Mailing Lists
356 Sometimes while posting to mailing lists, the poster needs to direct
357 followups to the post to specific places. The Mail-Followup-To (MFT)
358 was created to enable just this. Two example scenarios where this is
363 A mailing list poster can use MFT to express that responses should be
364 sent to just the list, and not the poster as well. This will happen
365 if the poster is already subscribed to the list.
368 A mailing list poster can use MFT to express that responses should be
369 sent to the list and the poster as well. This will happen if the poster
370 is not subscribed to the list.
373 If a message is posted to several mailing lists, MFT may also be used
374 to direct the following discussion to one list only, because
375 discussions that are spread over several lists tend to be fragmented
376 and very difficult to follow.
380 Gnus honors the MFT header in other's messages (i.e. while following
381 up to someone else's post) and also provides support for generating
382 sensible MFT headers for outgoing messages as well.
385 @c * Honoring an MFT post:: What to do when one already exists
386 @c * Composing with a MFT header:: Creating one from scratch.
389 @c @node Composing with a MFT header
390 @subsection Composing a correct MFT header automagically
392 The first step in getting Gnus to automagically generate a MFT header
393 in posts you make is to give Gnus a list of the mailing lists
394 addresses you are subscribed to. You can do this in more than one
395 way. The following variables would come in handy.
399 @vindex message-subscribed-addresses
400 @item message-subscribed-addresses
401 This should be a list of addresses the user is subscribed to. Its
402 default value is @code{nil}. Example:
404 (setq message-subscribed-addresses
405 '("ding@@gnus.org" "bing@@noose.org"))
408 @vindex message-subscribed-regexps
409 @item message-subscribed-regexps
410 This should be a list of regexps denoting the addresses of mailing
411 lists subscribed to. Default value is @code{nil}. Example: If you
412 want to achieve the same result as above:
414 (setq message-subscribed-regexps
415 '("\\(ding@@gnus\\)\\|\\(bing@@noose\\)\\.org")
418 @vindex message-subscribed-address-functions
419 @item message-subscribed-address-functions
420 This can be a list of functions to be called (one at a time!!) to
421 determine the value of MFT headers. It is advisable that these
422 functions not take any arguments. Default value is @code{nil}.
424 There is a pre-defined function in Gnus that is a good candidate for
425 this variable. @code{gnus-find-subscribed-addresses} is a function
426 that returns a list of addresses corresponding to the groups that have
427 the @code{subscribed} (@pxref{Group Parameters, ,Group Parameters,
428 gnus, The Gnus Manual}) group parameter set to a non-nil value. This
429 is how you would do it.
432 (setq message-subscribed-address-functions
433 '(gnus-find-subscribed-addresses))
436 @vindex message-subscribed-address-file
437 @item message-subscribed-address-file
438 You might be one organised human freak and have a list of addresses of
439 all subscribed mailing lists in a separate file! Then you can just
440 set this variable to the name of the file and life would be good.
444 You can use one or more of the above variables. All their values are
445 ``added'' in some way that works :-)
447 Now you are all set. Just start composing a message as you normally do.
448 And just send it; as always. Just before the message is sent out, Gnus'
449 MFT generation thingy kicks in and checks if the message already has a
450 MFT field. If there is one, it is left alone. (Except if it's empty -
451 in that case, the field is removed and is not replaced with an
452 automatically generated one. This lets you disable MFT generation on a
453 per-message basis.) If there is none, then the list of recipient
454 addresses (in the To: and Cc: headers) is checked to see if one of them
455 is a list address you are subscribed to. If none of them is a list
456 address, then no MFT is generated; otherwise, a MFT is added to the
457 other headers and set to the value of all addresses in To: and Cc:
460 @findex message-generate-unsubscribed-mail-followup-to
462 @findex message-goto-mail-followup-to
463 Hm. ``So'', you ask, ``what if I send an email to a list I am not
464 subscribed to? I want my MFT to say that I want an extra copy.'' (This
465 is supposed to be interpreted by others the same way as if there were no
466 MFT, but you can use an explicit MFT to override someone else's
467 to-address group parameter.) The function
468 @code{message-generate-unsubscribed-mail-followup-to} might come in
469 handy. It is bound to @kbd{C-c C-f C-a} by default. In any case, you
470 can insert a MFT of your own choice; @kbd{C-c C-f C-m}
471 (@code{message-goto-mail-followup-to}) will help you get started.
473 @c @node Honoring an MFT post
474 @subsection Honoring an MFT post
476 @vindex message-use-mail-followup-to
477 When you followup to a post on a mailing list, and the post has a MFT
478 header, Gnus' action will depend on the value of the variable
479 @code{message-use-mail-followup-to}. This variable can be one of:
483 Always honor MFTs. The To: and Cc: headers in your followup will be
484 derived from the MFT header of the original post. This is the default.
487 Always dishonor MFTs (just ignore the darned thing)
490 Gnus will prompt you for an action.
494 It is considered good nettiquette to honor MFT, as it is assumed the
495 fellow who posted a message knows where the followups need to go
502 * Buffer Entry:: Commands after entering a Message buffer.
503 * Header Commands:: Commands for moving headers or changing headers.
504 * Movement:: Moving around in message buffers.
505 * Insertion:: Inserting things into message buffers.
506 * MIME:: @acronym{MIME} considerations.
507 * IDNA:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} domain name considerations.
508 * Security:: Signing and encrypting messages.
509 * Various Commands:: Various things.
510 * Sending:: Actually sending the message.
511 * Mail Aliases:: How to use mail aliases.
512 * Spelling:: Having Emacs check your spelling.
517 @section Buffer Entry
521 You most often end up in a Message buffer when responding to some other
522 message of some sort. Message does lots of handling of quoted text, and
523 may remove signatures, reformat the text, or the like---depending on
524 which used settings you're using. Message usually gets things right,
525 but sometimes it stumbles. To help the user unwind these stumblings,
526 Message sets the undo boundary before each major automatic action it
527 takes. If you press the undo key (usually located at @kbd{C-_}) a few
528 times, you will get back the un-edited message you're responding to.
531 @node Header Commands
532 @section Header Commands
534 @subsection Commands for moving to headers
536 These following commands move to the header in question. If it doesn't
537 exist, it will be inserted.
543 @findex describe-mode
544 Describe the message mode.
548 @findex message-goto-to
549 Go to the @code{To} header (@code{message-goto-to}).
553 @findex message-goto-from
554 Go to the @code{From} header (@code{message-goto-from}). (The ``o''
555 in the key binding is for Originator.)
559 @findex message-goto-bcc
560 Go to the @code{Bcc} header (@code{message-goto-bcc}).
564 @findex message-goto-fcc
565 Go to the @code{Fcc} header (@code{message-goto-fcc}).
569 @findex message-goto-cc
570 Go to the @code{Cc} header (@code{message-goto-cc}).
574 @findex message-goto-subject
575 Go to the @code{Subject} header (@code{message-goto-subject}).
579 @findex message-goto-reply-to
580 Go to the @code{Reply-To} header (@code{message-goto-reply-to}).
584 @findex message-goto-newsgroups
585 Go to the @code{Newsgroups} header (@code{message-goto-newsgroups}).
589 @findex message-goto-distribution
590 Go to the @code{Distribution} header (@code{message-goto-distribution}).
594 @findex message-goto-followup-to
595 Go to the @code{Followup-To} header (@code{message-goto-followup-to}).
599 @findex message-goto-keywords
600 Go to the @code{Keywords} header (@code{message-goto-keywords}).
604 @findex message-goto-summary
605 Go to the @code{Summary} header (@code{message-goto-summary}).
609 @findex message-insert-or-toggle-importance
610 This inserts the @samp{Importance:} header with a value of
611 @samp{high}. This header is used to signal the importance of the
612 message to the receiver. If the header is already present in the
613 buffer, it cycles between the three valid values according to RFC
614 1376: @samp{low}, @samp{normal} and @samp{high}.
618 @findex message-generate-unsubscribed-mail-followup-to
619 Insert a reasonable @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header
620 (@pxref{Mailing Lists}) in a post to an
621 unsubscribed list. When making original posts to a mailing list you are
622 not subscribed to, you have to type in a @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header
623 by hand. The contents, usually, are the addresses of the list and your
624 own address. This function inserts such a header automatically. It
625 fetches the contents of the @samp{To:} header in the current mail
626 buffer, and appends the current @code{user-mail-address}.
628 If the optional argument @code{include-cc} is non-nil, the addresses in
629 the @samp{Cc:} header are also put into the @samp{Mail-Followup-To:}
634 @subsection Commands to change headers
640 @findex message-sort-headers
641 @vindex message-header-format-alist
642 Sort headers according to @code{message-header-format-alist}
643 (@code{message-sort-headers}).
647 @findex message-insert-to
648 Insert a @code{To} header that contains the @code{Reply-To} or
649 @code{From} header of the message you're following up
650 (@code{message-insert-to}).
654 @findex message-insert-newsgroups
655 Insert a @code{Newsgroups} header that reflects the @code{Followup-To}
656 or @code{Newsgroups} header of the article you're replying to
657 (@code{message-insert-newsgroups}).
661 @findex message-to-list-only
662 Send a message to the list only. Remove all addresses but the list
663 address from @code{To:} and @code{Cc:} headers.
667 @findex message-insert-disposition-notification-to
668 Insert a request for a disposition
669 notification. (@code{message-insert-disposition-notification-to}).
670 This means that if the recipient support RFC 2298 she might send you a
671 notification that she received the message.
673 @item M-x message-insert-importance-high
674 @kindex M-x message-insert-importance-high
675 @findex message-insert-importance-high
677 Insert an @samp{Importance} header with a value of @samp{high},
678 deleting headers if necessary.
680 @item M-x message-insert-importance-low
681 @kindex M-x message-insert-importance-low
682 @findex message-insert-importance-low
684 Insert an @samp{Importance} header with a value of @samp{low}, deleting
685 headers if necessary.
689 @findex message-change-subject
691 Change the current @samp{Subject} header. Ask for new @samp{Subject}
692 header and append @samp{(was: <Old Subject>)}. The old subject can be
693 stripped on replying, see @code{message-subject-trailing-was-query}
694 (@pxref{Message Headers}).
698 @findex message-cross-post-followup-to
699 @vindex message-cross-post-default
702 Ask for an additional @samp{Newsgroups} and @samp{FollowUp-To} for a
703 cross-post. @code{message-cross-post-followup-to} mangles
704 @samp{FollowUp-To} and @samp{Newsgroups} header to point to group.
705 If @code{message-cross-post-default} is @code{nil} or if called with a
706 prefix-argument @samp{Follow-Up} is set, but the message is not
711 @findex message-reduce-to-to-cc
712 Replace contents of @samp{To} header with contents of @samp{Cc} or
717 @findex message-insert-wide-reply
718 Insert @samp{To} and @samp{Cc} headers as if you were doing a wide
723 @findex message-add-archive-header
724 @vindex message-archive-header
725 @vindex message-archive-note
727 Insert @samp{X-No-Archive: Yes} in the header and a note in the body.
728 The header and the note can be customized using
729 @code{message-archive-header} and @code{message-archive-note}. When
730 called with a prefix argument, ask for a text to insert. If you don't
731 want the note in the body, set @code{message-archive-note} to
743 @findex message-goto-body
744 Move to the beginning of the body of the message
745 (@code{message-goto-body}).
749 @findex message-goto-signature
750 Move to the signature of the message (@code{message-goto-signature}).
754 @findex message-beginning-of-line
755 @vindex message-beginning-of-line
756 If at beginning of header value, go to beginning of line, else go to
757 beginning of header value. (The header value comes after the header
758 name and the colon.) This behaviour can be disabled by toggling
759 the variable @code{message-beginning-of-line}.
771 @findex message-yank-original
772 Yank the message that's being replied to into the message buffer
773 (@code{message-yank-original}).
777 @findex message-yank-buffer
778 Prompt for a buffer name and yank the contents of that buffer into the
779 message buffer (@code{message-yank-buffer}).
783 @findex message-fill-yanked-message
784 Fill the yanked message (@code{message-fill-yanked-message}). Warning:
785 Can severely mess up the yanked text if its quoting conventions are
786 strange. You'll quickly get a feel for when it's safe, though. Anyway,
787 just remember that @kbd{C-x u} (@code{undo}) is available and you'll be
792 @findex message-insert-signature
793 Insert a signature at the end of the buffer
794 (@code{message-insert-signature}).
798 @findex message-insert-headers
799 Insert the message headers (@code{message-insert-headers}).
803 @findex message-mark-inserted-region
804 Mark some region in the current article with enclosing tags.
805 See @code{message-mark-insert-begin} and @code{message-mark-insert-end}.
809 @findex message-mark-insert-file
810 Insert a file in the current article with enclosing tags.
811 See @code{message-mark-insert-begin} and @code{message-mark-insert-end}.
823 Message is a @acronym{MIME}-compliant posting agent. The user generally
824 doesn't have to do anything to make the @acronym{MIME} happen---Message will
825 automatically add the @code{Content-Type} and
826 @code{Content-Transfer-Encoding} headers.
828 The most typical thing users want to use the multipart things in
829 @acronym{MIME} for is to add ``attachments'' to mail they send out. This can
830 be done with the @kbd{C-c C-a} command, which will prompt for a file
831 name and a @acronym{MIME} type.
833 You can also create arbitrarily complex multiparts using the MML
834 language (@pxref{Composing, , Composing, emacs-mime, The Emacs MIME
840 @cindex internationalized domain names
841 @cindex non-ascii domain names
843 Message is a @acronym{IDNA}-compliant posting agent. The user
844 generally doesn't have to do anything to make the @acronym{IDNA}
845 happen---Message will encode non-@acronym{ASCII} domain names in @code{From},
846 @code{To}, and @code{Cc} headers automatically.
848 Until @acronym{IDNA} becomes more well known, Message queries you
849 whether @acronym{IDNA} encoding of the domain name really should
850 occur. Some users might not be aware that domain names can contain
851 non-@acronym{ASCII} now, so this gives them a safety net if they accidently
852 typed a non-@acronym{ASCII} domain name.
854 @vindex message-use-idna
855 The @code{message-use-idna} variable control whether @acronym{IDNA} is
856 used. If the variable is @code{nil} no @acronym{IDNA} encoding will
857 ever happen, if it is set to the symbol @code{ask} the user will be
858 queried (the default), and if set to @code{t} @acronym{IDNA} encoding
859 happens automatically.
861 @findex message-idna-to-ascii-rhs
862 If you want to experiment with the @acronym{IDNA} encoding, you can
863 invoke @kbd{M-x message-idna-to-ascii-rhs RET} in the message buffer
864 to have the non-@acronym{ASCII} domain names encoded while you edit the message.
866 Note that you must have @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/libidn/, GNU
867 Libidn} installed in order to use this functionality.
879 Using the MML language, Message is able to create digitally signed and
880 digitally encrypted messages. Message (or rather MML) currently
881 support @acronym{PGP} (RFC 1991), @acronym{PGP/MIME} (RFC 2015/3156) and @acronym{S/MIME}.
882 Instructing MML to perform security operations on a @acronym{MIME} part is
883 done using the @kbd{C-c C-m s} key map for signing and the @kbd{C-c
884 C-m c} key map for encryption, as follows.
890 @findex mml-secure-message-sign-smime
892 Digitally sign current message using @acronym{S/MIME}.
896 @findex mml-secure-message-sign-pgp
898 Digitally sign current message using @acronym{PGP}.
902 @findex mml-secure-message-sign-pgpmime
904 Digitally sign current message using @acronym{PGP/MIME}.
908 @findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-smime
910 Digitally encrypt current message using @acronym{S/MIME}.
914 @findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgp
916 Digitally encrypt current message using @acronym{PGP}.
920 @findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgpmime
922 Digitally encrypt current message using @acronym{PGP/MIME}.
926 @findex mml-unsecure-message
927 Remove security related MML tags from message.
931 These commands do not immediately sign or encrypt the message, they
932 merely insert the proper MML secure tag to instruct the MML engine to
933 perform that operation when the message is actually sent. They may
934 perform other operations too, such as locating and retrieving a
935 @acronym{S/MIME} certificate of the person you wish to send encrypted mail
936 to. When the mml parsing engine converts your MML into a properly
937 encoded @acronym{MIME} message, the secure tag will be replaced with either
938 a part or a multipart tag. If your message contains other mml parts,
939 a multipart tag will be used; if no other parts are present in your
940 message a single part tag will be used. This way, message mode will
941 do the Right Thing (TM) with signed/encrypted multipart messages.
943 @vindex mml-signencrypt-style-alist
944 By default, when encrypting a message, Gnus will use the
945 ``signencrypt'' mode. If you would like to disable this for a
946 particular message, give the @code{mml-secure-message-encrypt-*}
947 command a prefix argument. (for example, @kbd{C-u C-c C-m c p}).
948 Additionally, by default Gnus will separately sign, then encrypt a
949 message which has the mode signencrypt. If you would like to change
950 this behavior you can customize the @code{mml-signencrypt-style-alist}
951 variable. For example:
955 (setq mml-signencrypt-style-alist '(("smime" combined)
957 ("pgpmime" combined)))
960 Will cause Gnus to sign and encrypt in one pass, thus generating a
961 single signed and encrypted part. Note that combined sign and encrypt
962 does not work with all supported OpenPGP implementations (in
963 particular, @acronym{PGP} version 2 do not support this).
965 Since signing and especially encryption often is used when sensitive
966 information is sent, you may want to have some way to ensure that your
967 mail is actually signed or encrypted. After invoking the above
968 sign/encrypt commands, it is possible to preview the raw article by
969 using @kbd{C-u C-c RET P} (@code{mml-preview}). Then you can
970 verify that your long rant about what your ex-significant other or
971 whomever actually did with that funny looking person at that strange
972 party the other night, actually will be sent encrypted.
974 @emph{Note!} Neither @acronym{PGP/MIME} nor @acronym{S/MIME} encrypt/signs
975 RFC822 headers. They only operate on the @acronym{MIME} object. Keep this
976 in mind before sending mail with a sensitive Subject line.
978 Actually using the security commands above is not very difficult. At
979 least not compared with making sure all involved programs talk with each
980 other properly. Thus, we now describe what external libraries or
981 programs are required to make things work, and some small general hints.
983 @subsection Using S/MIME
985 @emph{Note!} This section assume you have a basic familiarity with
986 modern cryptography, @acronym{S/MIME}, various PKCS standards, OpenSSL and
989 The @acronym{S/MIME} support in Message (and MML) require OpenSSL. OpenSSL
990 perform the actual @acronym{S/MIME} sign/encrypt operations. OpenSSL can
991 be found at @uref{http://www.openssl.org/}. OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later
992 should work. Version 0.9.5a cannot extract mail addresses from
993 certificates, and it insert a spurious CR character into @acronym{MIME}
994 separators so you may wish to avoid it if you would like to avoid
995 being regarded as someone who send strange mail. (Although by sending
996 @acronym{S/MIME} messages you've probably already lost that contest.)
998 To be able to send encrypted mail, a personal certificate is not
999 required. Message (MML) need a certificate for the person to whom you
1000 wish to communicate with though. You're asked for this when you type
1001 @kbd{C-c C-m c s}. Currently there are two ways to retrieve this
1002 certificate, from a local file or from DNS. If you chose a local
1003 file, it need to contain a X.509 certificate in @acronym{PEM} format.
1004 If you chose DNS, you're asked for the domain name where the
1005 certificate is stored, the default is a good guess. To my belief,
1006 Message (MML) is the first mail agent in the world to support
1007 retrieving @acronym{S/MIME} certificates from DNS, so you're not
1008 likely to find very many certificates out there. At least there
1009 should be one, stored at the domain @code{simon.josefsson.org}. LDAP
1010 is a more popular method of distributing certificates, support for it
1011 is planned. (Meanwhile, you can use @code{ldapsearch} from the
1012 command line to retrieve a certificate into a file and use it.)
1014 As for signing messages, OpenSSL can't perform signing operations
1015 without some kind of configuration. Especially, you need to tell it
1016 where your private key and your certificate is stored. MML uses an
1017 Emacs interface to OpenSSL, aptly named @code{smime.el}, and it
1018 contain a @code{custom} group used for this configuration. So, try
1019 @kbd{M-x customize-group RET smime RET} and look around.
1021 Currently there is no support for talking to a CA (or RA) to create
1022 your own certificate. None is planned either. You need to do this
1023 manually with OpenSSL or using some other program. I used Netscape
1024 and got a free @acronym{S/MIME} certificate from one of the big CA's on the
1025 net. Netscape is able to export your private key and certificate in
1026 PKCS #12 format. Use OpenSSL to convert this into a plain X.509
1027 certificate in PEM format as follows.
1030 $ openssl pkcs12 -in ns.p12 -clcerts -nodes > key+cert.pem
1033 The @file{key+cert.pem} file should be pointed to from the
1034 @code{smime-keys} variable. You should now be able to send signed mail.
1036 @emph{Note!} Your private key is now stored unencrypted in the file,
1037 so take care in handling it. Storing encrypted keys on the disk are
1038 supported, and Gnus will ask you for a passphrase before invoking
1039 OpenSSL. Read the OpenSSL documentation for how to achieve this. If
1040 you use unencrypted keys (e.g., if they are on a secure storage, or if
1041 you are on a secure single user machine) simply press @code{RET} at
1042 the passphrase prompt.
1044 @subsection Using PGP/MIME
1046 @acronym{PGP/MIME} requires an external OpenPGP implementation, such
1047 as @uref{http://www.gnupg.org/, GNU Privacy Guard}. One Emacs
1048 interface to OpenPGP implementations, PGG (@pxref{Top, ,PGG, pgg, PGG
1049 Manual}), is included, but Mailcrypt and Florian Weimer's
1050 @code{gpg.el} are also supported.
1052 @vindex gpg-temp-directory
1053 Note, if you are using the @code{gpg.el} you must make sure that the
1054 directory specified by @code{gpg-temp-directory} have permissions
1057 Creating your own OpenPGP key is described in detail in the
1058 documentation of your OpenPGP implementation, so we refer to it.
1060 @node Various Commands
1061 @section Various Commands
1067 @findex message-caesar-buffer-body
1068 Caesar rotate (aka. rot13) the current message
1069 (@code{message-caesar-buffer-body}). If narrowing is in effect, just
1070 rotate the visible portion of the buffer. A numerical prefix says how
1071 many places to rotate the text. The default is 13.
1075 @findex message-elide-region
1076 @vindex message-elide-ellipsis
1077 Elide the text between point and mark (@code{message-elide-region}).
1078 The text is killed and replaced with the contents of the variable
1079 @code{message-elide-ellipsis}. The default value is to use an ellipsis
1084 @findex message-kill-to-signature
1085 Kill all the text up to the signature, or if that's missing, up to the
1086 end of the message (@code{message-kill-to-signature}).
1090 @findex message-delete-not-region
1091 Delete all text in the body of the message that is outside the region
1092 (@code{message-delete-not-region}).
1096 @findex message-newline-and-reformat
1097 Insert four newlines, and then reformat if inside quoted text.
1102 > This is some quoted text. And here's more quoted text.
1105 If point is before @samp{And} and you press @kbd{M-RET}, you'll get:
1108 > This is some quoted text.
1112 > And here's more quoted text.
1115 @samp{*} says where point will be placed.
1119 @findex message-rename-buffer
1120 Rename the buffer (@code{message-rename-buffer}). If given a prefix,
1121 prompt for a new buffer name.
1126 @vindex message-tab-body-function
1127 If non-@code{nil} execute the function specified in
1128 @code{message-tab-body-function}. Otherwise use the function bound to
1129 @kbd{TAB} in @code{text-mode-map} or @code{global-map}.
1140 @findex message-send-and-exit
1141 Send the message and bury the current buffer
1142 (@code{message-send-and-exit}).
1146 @findex message-send
1147 Send the message (@code{message-send}).
1151 @findex message-dont-send
1152 Bury the message buffer and exit (@code{message-dont-send}).
1156 @findex message-kill-buffer
1157 Kill the message buffer and exit (@code{message-kill-buffer}).
1164 @section Mail Aliases
1165 @cindex mail aliases
1168 @vindex message-mail-alias-type
1169 The @code{message-mail-alias-type} variable controls what type of mail
1170 alias expansion to use. Currently only one form is supported---Message
1171 uses @code{mailabbrev} to handle mail aliases. If this variable is
1172 @code{nil}, no mail alias expansion will be performed.
1174 @code{mailabbrev} works by parsing the @file{/etc/mailrc} and
1175 @file{~/.mailrc} files. These files look like:
1178 alias lmi "Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen <larsi@@ifi.uio.no>"
1179 alias ding "ding@@ifi.uio.no (ding mailing list)"
1182 After adding lines like this to your @file{~/.mailrc} file, you should
1183 be able to just write @samp{lmi} in the @code{To} or @code{Cc} (and so
1184 on) headers and press @kbd{SPC} to expand the alias.
1186 No expansion will be performed upon sending of the message---all
1187 expansions have to be done explicitly.
1193 @findex ispell-message
1195 There are two popular ways to have Emacs spell-check your messages:
1196 @code{ispell} and @code{flyspell}. @code{ispell} is the older and
1197 probably more popular package. You typically first write the message,
1198 and then run the entire thing through @code{ispell} and fix all the
1199 typos. To have this happen automatically when you send a message, put
1200 something like the following in your @file{.emacs} file:
1203 (add-hook 'message-send-hook 'ispell-message)
1206 @vindex ispell-message-dictionary-alist
1207 If you're in the habit of writing in different languages, this can be
1208 controlled by the @code{ispell-message-dictionary-alist} variable:
1211 (setq ispell-message-dictionary-alist
1212 '(("^Newsgroups:.*\\bde\\." . "deutsch8")
1213 (".*" . "default")))
1216 @code{ispell} depends on having the external @samp{ispell} command
1219 The other popular method is using @code{flyspell}. This package checks
1220 your spelling while you're writing, and marks any mis-spelled words in
1223 To use @code{flyspell}, put something like the following in your
1227 (defun my-message-setup-routine ()
1229 (add-hook 'message-setup-hook 'my-message-setup-routine)
1232 @code{flyspell} depends on having the external @samp{ispell} command
1240 * Message Headers:: General message header stuff.
1241 * Mail Headers:: Customizing mail headers.
1242 * Mail Variables:: Other mail variables.
1243 * News Headers:: Customizing news headers.
1244 * News Variables:: Other news variables.
1245 * Insertion Variables:: Customizing how things are inserted.
1246 * Various Message Variables:: Other message variables.
1247 * Sending Variables:: Variables for sending.
1248 * Message Buffers:: How Message names its buffers.
1249 * Message Actions:: Actions to be performed when exiting.
1253 @node Message Headers
1254 @section Message Headers
1256 Message is quite aggressive on the message generation front. It has to
1257 be -- it's a combined news and mail agent. To be able to send combined
1258 messages, it has to generate all headers itself (instead of letting the
1259 mail/news system do it) to ensure that mail and news copies of messages
1260 look sufficiently similar.
1264 @item message-generate-headers-first
1265 @vindex message-generate-headers-first
1266 If @code{t}, generate all required headers before starting to
1267 compose the message. This can also be a list of headers to generate:
1270 (setq message-generate-headers-first
1274 @vindex message-required-headers
1275 The variables @code{message-required-headers},
1276 @code{message-required-mail-headers} and
1277 @code{message-required-news-headers} specify which headers are
1280 Note that some headers will be removed and re-generated before posting,
1281 because of the variable @code{message-deletable-headers} (see below).
1283 @item message-draft-headers
1284 @vindex message-draft-headers
1285 When running Message from Gnus, the message buffers are associated
1286 with a draft group. @code{message-draft-headers} says which headers
1287 should be generated when a draft is written to the draft group.
1289 @item message-from-style
1290 @vindex message-from-style
1291 Specifies how @code{From} headers should look. There are four valid
1296 Just the address -- @samp{king@@grassland.com}.
1299 @samp{king@@grassland.com (Elvis Parsley)}.
1302 @samp{Elvis Parsley <king@@grassland.com>}.
1305 Look like @code{angles} if that doesn't require quoting, and
1306 @code{parens} if it does. If even @code{parens} requires quoting, use
1307 @code{angles} anyway.
1311 @item message-deletable-headers
1312 @vindex message-deletable-headers
1313 Headers in this list that were previously generated by Message will be
1314 deleted before posting. Let's say you post an article. Then you decide
1315 to post it again to some other group, you naughty boy, so you jump back
1316 to the @code{*post-buf*} buffer, edit the @code{Newsgroups} line, and
1317 ship it off again. By default, this variable makes sure that the old
1318 generated @code{Message-ID} is deleted, and a new one generated. If
1319 this isn't done, the entire empire would probably crumble, anarchy would
1320 prevail, and cats would start walking on two legs and rule the world.
1323 @item message-default-headers
1324 @vindex message-default-headers
1325 This string is inserted at the end of the headers in all message
1328 @item message-subject-re-regexp
1329 @vindex message-subject-re-regexp
1333 Responses to messages have subjects that start with @samp{Re: }. This
1334 is @emph{not} an abbreviation of the English word ``response'', but is
1335 Latin, and means ``in response to''. Some illiterate nincompoops have
1336 failed to grasp this fact, and have ``internationalized'' their software
1337 to use abominations like @samp{Aw: } (``antwort'') or @samp{Sv: }
1338 (``svar'') instead, which is meaningless and evil. However, you may
1339 have to deal with users that use these evil tools, in which case you may
1340 set this variable to a regexp that matches these prefixes. Myself, I
1341 just throw away non-compliant mail.
1343 Here's an example of a value to deal with these headers when
1344 responding to a message:
1347 (setq message-subject-re-regexp
1352 "[Aa][Nn][Tt][Ww]\\.?\\|" ; antw
1354 "[Ff][Ww][Dd]?\\|" ; fwd
1355 "[Oo][Dd][Pp]\\|" ; odp
1357 "[Rr][\311\351][Ff]\\.?\\|" ; ref
1360 "\\(\\[[0-9]*\\]\\)"
1367 @item message-subject-trailing-was-query
1368 @vindex message-subject-trailing-was-query
1369 @vindex message-subject-trailing-was-ask-regexp
1370 @vindex message-subject-trailing-was-regexp
1371 Controls what to do with trailing @samp{(was: <old subject>)} in subject
1372 lines. If @code{nil}, leave the subject unchanged. If it is the symbol
1373 @code{ask}, query the user what do do. In this case, the subject is
1374 matched against @code{message-subject-trailing-was-ask-regexp}. If
1375 @code{message-subject-trailing-was-query} is t, always strip the
1376 trailing old subject. In this case,
1377 @code{message-subject-trailing-was-regexp} is used.
1379 @item message-alternative-emails
1380 @vindex message-alternative-emails
1381 A regexp to match the alternative email addresses. The first matched
1382 address (not primary one) is used in the @code{From} field.
1384 @item message-allow-no-recipients
1385 @vindex message-allow-no-recipients
1386 Specifies what to do when there are no recipients other than
1387 @code{Gcc} or @code{Fcc}. If it is @code{always}, the posting is
1388 allowed. If it is @code{never}, the posting is not allowed. If it is
1389 @code{ask} (the default), you are prompted.
1391 @item message-hidden-headers
1392 @vindex message-hidden-headers
1393 A regexp, a list of regexps, or a list where the first element is
1394 @code{not} and the rest are regexps. It says which headers to keep
1395 hidden when composing a message.
1398 (setq message-hidden-headers
1399 '(not "From" "Subject" "To" "Cc" "Newsgroups"))
1406 @section Mail Headers
1409 @item message-required-mail-headers
1410 @vindex message-required-mail-headers
1411 @xref{News Headers}, for the syntax of this variable. It is
1412 @code{(From Date Subject (optional . In-Reply-To) Message-ID Lines
1413 (optional . User-Agent))} by default.
1415 @item message-ignored-mail-headers
1416 @vindex message-ignored-mail-headers
1417 Regexp of headers to be removed before mailing. The default is
1418 @samp{^[GF]cc:\\|^Resent-Fcc:\\|^Xref:\\|^X-Draft-From:}.
1420 @item message-default-mail-headers
1421 @vindex message-default-mail-headers
1422 This string is inserted at the end of the headers in all message
1423 buffers that are initialized as mail.
1428 @node Mail Variables
1429 @section Mail Variables
1432 @item message-send-mail-function
1433 @vindex message-send-mail-function
1434 @findex message-send-mail-with-sendmail
1435 @findex message-send-mail-with-mh
1436 @findex message-send-mail-with-qmail
1437 @findex message-smtpmail-send-it
1438 @findex smtpmail-send-it
1439 @findex feedmail-send-it
1440 Function used to send the current buffer as mail. The default is
1441 @code{message-send-mail-with-sendmail}. Other valid values include
1442 @code{message-send-mail-with-mh}, @code{message-send-mail-with-qmail},
1443 @code{message-smtpmail-send-it}, @code{smtpmail-send-it} and
1444 @code{feedmail-send-it}.
1446 @item message-mh-deletable-headers
1447 @vindex message-mh-deletable-headers
1448 Most versions of MH doesn't like being fed messages that contain the
1449 headers in this variable. If this variable is non-@code{nil} (which is
1450 the default), these headers will be removed before mailing when sending
1451 messages via MH. Set it to @code{nil} if your MH can handle these
1454 @item message-qmail-inject-program
1455 @vindex message-qmail-inject-program
1457 Location of the qmail-inject program.
1459 @item message-qmail-inject-args
1460 @vindex message-qmail-inject-args
1461 Arguments passed to qmail-inject programs.
1462 This should be a list of strings, one string for each argument. It
1463 may also be a function.
1465 For e.g., if you wish to set the envelope sender address so that bounces
1466 go to the right place or to deal with listserv's usage of that address, you
1467 might set this variable to @code{'("-f" "you@@some.where")}.
1469 @item message-sendmail-f-is-evil
1470 @vindex message-sendmail-f-is-evil
1472 Non-@code{nil} means don't add @samp{-f username} to the sendmail
1473 command line. Doing so would be even more evil than leaving it out.
1475 @item message-sendmail-envelope-from
1476 @vindex message-sendmail-envelope-from
1477 When @code{message-sendmail-f-is-evil} is @code{nil}, this specifies
1478 the address to use in the @acronym{SMTP} envelope. If it is
1479 @code{nil}, use @code{user-mail-address}. If it is the symbol
1480 @code{header}, use the @samp{From} header of the message.
1482 @item message-mailer-swallows-blank-line
1483 @vindex message-mailer-swallows-blank-line
1484 Set this to non-@code{nil} if the system's mailer runs the header and
1485 body together. (This problem exists on SunOS 4 when sendmail is run
1486 in remote mode.) The value should be an expression to test whether
1487 the problem will actually occur.
1489 @item message-send-mail-partially-limit
1490 @vindex message-send-mail-partially-limit
1491 @cindex split large message
1492 The limitation of messages sent as message/partial. The lower bound
1493 of message size in characters, beyond which the message should be sent
1494 in several parts. If it is @code{nil}, the size is unlimited.
1500 @section News Headers
1502 @vindex message-required-news-headers
1503 @code{message-required-news-headers} a list of header symbols. These
1504 headers will either be automatically generated, or, if that's
1505 impossible, they will be prompted for. The following symbols are valid:
1511 @findex user-full-name
1512 @findex user-mail-address
1513 This required header will be filled out with the result of the
1514 @code{message-make-from} function, which depends on the
1515 @code{message-from-style}, @code{user-full-name},
1516 @code{user-mail-address} variables.
1520 This required header will be prompted for if not present already.
1524 This required header says which newsgroups the article is to be posted
1525 to. If it isn't present already, it will be prompted for.
1528 @cindex organization
1529 @vindex message-user-organization
1530 @vindex message-user-organization-file
1531 This optional header will be filled out depending on the
1532 @code{message-user-organization} variable.
1533 @code{message-user-organization-file} will be used if this variable is
1534 @code{t}. This variable can also be a string (in which case this string
1535 will be used), or it can be a function (which will be called with no
1536 parameters and should return a string to be used).
1540 This optional header will be computed by Message.
1544 @vindex message-user-fqdn
1545 @vindex mail-host-address
1546 @vindex user-mail-address
1549 @cindex i-did-not-set--mail-host-address--so-tickle-me
1550 This required header will be generated by Message. A unique ID will be
1551 created based on the date, time, user name and system name. For the
1552 domain part, message will look (in this order) at
1553 @code{message-user-fqdn}, @code{system-name}, @code{mail-host-address}
1554 and @code{message-user-mail-address} (i.e. @code{user-mail-address})
1555 until a probably valid fully qualified domain name (FQDN) was found.
1559 This optional header will be filled out according to the
1560 @code{message-newsreader} local variable.
1563 This optional header is filled out using the @code{Date} and @code{From}
1564 header of the article being replied to.
1568 @vindex message-expires
1569 This extremely optional header will be inserted according to the
1570 @code{message-expires} variable. It is highly deprecated and shouldn't
1571 be used unless you know what you're doing.
1574 @cindex Distribution
1575 @vindex message-distribution-function
1576 This optional header is filled out according to the
1577 @code{message-distribution-function} variable. It is a deprecated and
1578 much misunderstood header.
1582 @vindex message-user-path
1583 This extremely optional header should probably never be used.
1584 However, some @emph{very} old servers require that this header is
1585 present. @code{message-user-path} further controls how this
1586 @code{Path} header is to look. If it is @code{nil}, use the server name
1587 as the leaf node. If it is a string, use the string. If it is neither
1588 a string nor @code{nil}, use the user name only. However, it is highly
1589 unlikely that you should need to fiddle with this variable at all.
1593 @cindex Mime-Version
1594 In addition, you can enter conses into this list. The car of this cons
1595 should be a symbol. This symbol's name is the name of the header, and
1596 the cdr can either be a string to be entered verbatim as the value of
1597 this header, or it can be a function to be called. This function should
1598 return a string to be inserted. For instance, if you want to insert
1599 @code{Mime-Version: 1.0}, you should enter @code{(Mime-Version . "1.0")}
1600 into the list. If you want to insert a funny quote, you could enter
1601 something like @code{(X-Yow . yow)} into the list. The function
1602 @code{yow} will then be called without any arguments.
1604 If the list contains a cons where the car of the cons is
1605 @code{optional}, the cdr of this cons will only be inserted if it is
1608 If you want to delete an entry from this list, the following Lisp
1609 snippet might be useful. Adjust accordingly if you want to remove
1613 (setq message-required-news-headers
1614 (delq 'Message-ID message-required-news-headers))
1617 Other variables for customizing outgoing news articles:
1621 @item message-syntax-checks
1622 @vindex message-syntax-checks
1623 Controls what syntax checks should not be performed on outgoing posts.
1624 To disable checking of long signatures, for instance, add
1627 (signature . disabled)
1636 Check the subject for commands.
1639 Insert a new @code{Sender} header if the @code{From} header looks odd.
1640 @item multiple-headers
1641 Check for the existence of multiple equal headers.
1644 Check for the existence of version and sendsys commands.
1646 Check whether the @code{Message-ID} looks ok.
1648 Check whether the @code{From} header seems nice.
1651 Check for too long lines.
1653 Check for invalid characters.
1655 Check for excessive size.
1657 Check whether there is any new text in the messages.
1659 Check the length of the signature.
1662 Check whether the article has an @code{Approved} header, which is
1663 something only moderators should include.
1665 Check whether the article is empty.
1666 @item invisible-text
1667 Check whether there is any invisible text in the buffer.
1669 Check whether any of the headers are empty.
1670 @item existing-newsgroups
1671 Check whether the newsgroups mentioned in the @code{Newsgroups} and
1672 @code{Followup-To} headers exist.
1673 @item valid-newsgroups
1674 Check whether the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-to} headers
1675 are valid syntactically.
1676 @item repeated-newsgroups
1677 Check whether the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-to} headers
1678 contains repeated group names.
1679 @item shorten-followup-to
1680 Check whether to add a @code{Followup-to} header to shorten the number
1681 of groups to post to.
1684 All these conditions are checked by default.
1686 @item message-ignored-news-headers
1687 @vindex message-ignored-news-headers
1688 Regexp of headers to be removed before posting. The default is@*
1689 @samp{^NNTP-Posting-Host:\\|^Xref:\\|^[BGF]cc:\\|^Resent-Fcc:\\|^X-Draft-From:}.
1691 @item message-default-news-headers
1692 @vindex message-default-news-headers
1693 This string is inserted at the end of the headers in all message
1694 buffers that are initialized as news.
1699 @node News Variables
1700 @section News Variables
1703 @item message-send-news-function
1704 @vindex message-send-news-function
1705 Function used to send the current buffer as news. The default is
1706 @code{message-send-news}.
1708 @item message-post-method
1709 @vindex message-post-method
1710 Gnusish @dfn{select method} (see the Gnus manual for details) used for
1711 posting a prepared news message.
1716 @node Insertion Variables
1717 @section Insertion Variables
1720 @item message-ignored-cited-headers
1721 @vindex message-ignored-cited-headers
1722 All headers that match this regexp will be removed from yanked
1723 messages. The default is @samp{.}, which means that all headers will be
1726 @item message-cite-prefix-regexp
1727 @vindex message-cite-prefix-regexp
1728 Regexp matching the longest possible citation prefix on a line.
1730 @item message-citation-line-function
1731 @vindex message-citation-line-function
1732 @cindex attribution line
1733 Function called to insert the citation line. The default is
1734 @code{message-insert-citation-line}, which will lead to citation lines
1738 Hallvard B Furuseth <h.b.furuseth@@usit.uio.no> writes:
1741 Point will be at the beginning of the body of the message when this
1744 Note that Gnus provides a feature where clicking on `writes:' hides the
1745 cited text. If you change the citation line too much, readers of your
1746 messages will have to adjust their Gnus, too. See the variable
1747 @code{gnus-cite-attribution-suffix}. @xref{Article Highlighting, ,
1748 Article Highlighting, gnus}, for details.
1750 @item message-yank-prefix
1751 @vindex message-yank-prefix
1754 When you are replying to or following up an article, you normally want
1755 to quote the person you are answering. Inserting quoted text is done
1756 by @dfn{yanking}, and each line you yank will have
1757 @code{message-yank-prefix} prepended to it (except for quoted and
1758 empty lines which uses @code{message-yank-cited-prefix}). The default
1761 @item message-yank-cited-prefix
1762 @vindex message-yank-cited-prefix
1766 When yanking text from an article which contains no text or already
1767 cited text, each line will be prefixed with the contents of this
1768 variable. The default is @samp{>}. See also
1769 @code{message-yank-prefix}.
1771 @item message-indentation-spaces
1772 @vindex message-indentation-spaces
1773 Number of spaces to indent yanked messages.
1775 @item message-cite-function
1776 @vindex message-cite-function
1777 @findex message-cite-original
1778 @findex sc-cite-original
1779 @findex message-cite-original-without-signature
1781 Function for citing an original message. The default is
1782 @code{message-cite-original}, which simply inserts the original message
1783 and prepends @samp{> } to each line.
1784 @code{message-cite-original-without-signature} does the same, but elides
1785 the signature. You can also set it to @code{sc-cite-original} to use
1788 @item message-indent-citation-function
1789 @vindex message-indent-citation-function
1790 Function for modifying a citation just inserted in the mail buffer.
1791 This can also be a list of functions. Each function can find the
1792 citation between @code{(point)} and @code{(mark t)}. And each function
1793 should leave point and mark around the citation text as modified.
1795 @item message-mark-insert-begin
1796 @vindex message-mark-insert-begin
1797 String to mark the beginning of some inserted text.
1799 @item message-mark-insert-end
1800 @vindex message-mark-insert-end
1801 String to mark the end of some inserted text.
1803 @item message-signature
1804 @vindex message-signature
1805 String to be inserted at the end of the message buffer. If @code{t}
1806 (which is the default), the @code{message-signature-file} file will be
1807 inserted instead. If a function, the result from the function will be
1808 used instead. If a form, the result from the form will be used instead.
1809 If this variable is @code{nil}, no signature will be inserted at all.
1811 @item message-signature-file
1812 @vindex message-signature-file
1813 File containing the signature to be inserted at the end of the buffer.
1814 The default is @file{~/.signature}.
1816 @item message-signature-insert-empty-line
1817 @vindex message-signature-insert-empty-line
1818 If @code{t} (the default value) an empty line is inserted before the
1819 signature separator.
1823 Note that RFC1036bis says that a signature should be preceded by the three
1824 characters @samp{-- } on a line by themselves. This is to make it
1825 easier for the recipient to automatically recognize and process the
1826 signature. So don't remove those characters, even though you might feel
1827 that they ruin your beautiful design, like, totally.
1829 Also note that no signature should be more than four lines long.
1830 Including @acronym{ASCII} graphics is an efficient way to get
1831 everybody to believe that you are silly and have nothing important to
1835 @node Various Message Variables
1836 @section Various Message Variables
1839 @item message-default-charset
1840 @vindex message-default-charset
1842 Symbol naming a @acronym{MIME} charset. Non-@acronym{ASCII}
1843 characters in messages are assumed to be encoded using this charset.
1844 The default is @code{nil}, which means ask the user. (This variable
1845 is used only on non-@sc{mule} Emacsen. @xref{Charset Translation, ,
1846 Charset Translation, emacs-mime, Emacs MIME Manual}, for details on
1847 the @sc{mule}-to-@acronym{MIME} translation process.
1849 @item message-signature-separator
1850 @vindex message-signature-separator
1851 Regexp matching the signature separator. It is @samp{^-- *$} by
1854 @item mail-header-separator
1855 @vindex mail-header-separator
1856 String used to separate the headers from the body. It is @samp{--text
1857 follows this line--} by default.
1859 @item message-directory
1860 @vindex message-directory
1861 Directory used by many mailey things. The default is @file{~/Mail/}.
1863 @item message-auto-save-directory
1864 @vindex message-auto-save-directory
1865 Directory where Message auto-saves buffers if Gnus isn't running. If
1866 @code{nil}, Message won't auto-save. The default is @file{~/Mail/drafts/}.
1868 @item message-signature-setup-hook
1869 @vindex message-signature-setup-hook
1870 Hook run when initializing the message buffer. It is run after the
1871 headers have been inserted but before the signature has been inserted.
1873 @item message-setup-hook
1874 @vindex message-setup-hook
1875 Hook run as the last thing when the message buffer has been initialized,
1876 but before yanked text is inserted.
1878 @item message-header-setup-hook
1879 @vindex message-header-setup-hook
1880 Hook called narrowed to the headers after initializing the headers.
1882 For instance, if you're running Gnus and wish to insert a
1883 @samp{Mail-Copies-To} header in all your news articles and all messages
1884 you send to mailing lists, you could do something like the following:
1887 (defun my-message-header-setup-hook ()
1888 (let ((group (or gnus-newsgroup-name "")))
1889 (when (or (message-fetch-field "newsgroups")
1890 (gnus-group-find-parameter group 'to-address)
1891 (gnus-group-find-parameter group 'to-list))
1892 (insert "Mail-Copies-To: never\n"))))
1894 (add-hook 'message-header-setup-hook
1895 'my-message-header-setup-hook)
1898 @item message-send-hook
1899 @vindex message-send-hook
1900 Hook run before sending messages.
1902 If you want to add certain headers before sending, you can use the
1903 @code{message-add-header} function in this hook. For instance:
1904 @findex message-add-header
1907 (add-hook 'message-send-hook 'my-message-add-content)
1908 (defun my-message-add-content ()
1909 (message-add-header "X-In-No-Sense: Nonsense")
1910 (message-add-header "X-Whatever: no"))
1913 This function won't add the header if the header is already present.
1915 @item message-send-mail-hook
1916 @vindex message-send-mail-hook
1917 Hook run before sending mail messages. This hook is run very late --
1918 just before the message is actually sent as mail.
1920 @item message-send-news-hook
1921 @vindex message-send-news-hook
1922 Hook run before sending news messages. This hook is run very late --
1923 just before the message is actually sent as news.
1925 @item message-sent-hook
1926 @vindex message-sent-hook
1927 Hook run after sending messages.
1929 @item message-cancel-hook
1930 @vindex message-cancel-hook
1931 Hook run when cancelling news articles.
1933 @item message-mode-syntax-table
1934 @vindex message-mode-syntax-table
1935 Syntax table used in message mode buffers.
1937 @item message-strip-special-text-properties
1938 @vindex message-strip-special-text-properties
1939 Emacs has a number of special text properties which can break message
1940 composing in various ways. If this option is set, message will strip
1941 these properties from the message composition buffer. However, some
1942 packages requires these properties to be present in order to work. If
1943 you use one of these packages, turn this option off, and hope the
1944 message composition doesn't break too bad.
1946 @item message-send-method-alist
1947 @vindex message-send-method-alist
1949 Alist of ways to send outgoing messages. Each element has the form
1952 (TYPE PREDICATE FUNCTION)
1957 A symbol that names the method.
1960 A function called without any parameters to determine whether the
1961 message is a message of type @var{type}.
1964 A function to be called if @var{predicate} returns non-@code{nil}.
1965 @var{function} is called with one parameter -- the prefix.
1969 ((news message-news-p message-send-via-news)
1970 (mail message-mail-p message-send-via-mail))
1979 @node Sending Variables
1980 @section Sending Variables
1984 @item message-fcc-handler-function
1985 @vindex message-fcc-handler-function
1986 A function called to save outgoing articles. This function will be
1987 called with the name of the file to store the article in. The default
1988 function is @code{message-output} which saves in Unix mailbox format.
1990 @item message-courtesy-message
1991 @vindex message-courtesy-message
1992 When sending combined messages, this string is inserted at the start of
1993 the mailed copy. If the string contains the format spec @samp{%s}, the
1994 newsgroups the article has been posted to will be inserted there. If
1995 this variable is @code{nil}, no such courtesy message will be added.
1996 The default value is @samp{"The following message is a courtesy copy of
1997 an article\\nthat has been posted to %s as well.\\n\\n"}.
1999 @item message-fcc-externalize-attachments
2000 @vindex message-fcc-externalize-attachments
2001 If @code{nil}, attach files as normal parts in Fcc copies; if it is
2002 non-@code{nil}, attach local files as external parts.
2004 @item message-interactive
2005 @vindex message-interactive
2006 If non-@code{nil} wait for and display errors when sending a message;
2007 if @code{nil} let the mailer mail back a message to report errors.
2012 @node Message Buffers
2013 @section Message Buffers
2015 Message will generate new buffers with unique buffer names when you
2016 request a message buffer. When you send the message, the buffer isn't
2017 normally killed off. Its name is changed and a certain number of old
2018 message buffers are kept alive.
2021 @item message-generate-new-buffers
2022 @vindex message-generate-new-buffers
2023 If non-@code{nil}, generate new buffers. The default is @code{t}. If
2024 this is a function, call that function with three parameters: The type,
2025 the to address and the group name. (Any of these may be @code{nil}.)
2026 The function should return the new buffer name.
2028 @item message-max-buffers
2029 @vindex message-max-buffers
2030 This variable says how many old message buffers to keep. If there are
2031 more message buffers than this, the oldest buffer will be killed. The
2032 default is 10. If this variable is @code{nil}, no old message buffers
2033 will ever be killed.
2035 @item message-send-rename-function
2036 @vindex message-send-rename-function
2037 After sending a message, the buffer is renamed from, for instance,
2038 @samp{*reply to Lars*} to @samp{*sent reply to Lars*}. If you don't
2039 like this, set this variable to a function that renames the buffer in a
2040 manner you like. If you don't want to rename the buffer at all, you can
2044 (setq message-send-rename-function 'ignore)
2047 @item message-kill-buffer-on-exit
2048 @findex message-kill-buffer-on-exit
2049 If non-@code{nil}, kill the buffer immediately on exit.
2054 @node Message Actions
2055 @section Message Actions
2057 When Message is being used from a news/mail reader, the reader is likely
2058 to want to perform some task after the message has been sent. Perhaps
2059 return to the previous window configuration or mark an article as
2062 @vindex message-kill-actions
2063 @vindex message-postpone-actions
2064 @vindex message-exit-actions
2065 @vindex message-send-actions
2066 The user may exit from the message buffer in various ways. The most
2067 common is @kbd{C-c C-c}, which sends the message and exits. Other
2068 possibilities are @kbd{C-c C-s} which just sends the message, @kbd{C-c
2069 C-d} which postpones the message editing and buries the message buffer,
2070 and @kbd{C-c C-k} which kills the message buffer. Each of these actions
2071 have lists associated with them that contains actions to be executed:
2072 @code{message-send-actions}, @code{message-exit-actions},
2073 @code{message-postpone-actions}, and @code{message-kill-actions}.
2075 Message provides a function to interface with these lists:
2076 @code{message-add-action}. The first parameter is the action to be
2077 added, and the rest of the arguments are which lists to add this action
2078 to. Here's an example from Gnus:
2082 `(set-window-configuration ,(current-window-configuration))
2083 'exit 'postpone 'kill)
2086 This restores the Gnus window configuration when the message buffer is
2087 killed, postponed or exited.
2089 An @dfn{action} can be either: a normal function, or a list where the
2090 @code{car} is a function and the @code{cdr} is the list of arguments, or
2091 a form to be @code{eval}ed.
2095 @chapter Compatibility
2096 @cindex compatibility
2098 Message uses virtually only its own variables---older @code{mail-}
2099 variables aren't consulted. To force Message to take those variables
2100 into account, you can put the following in your @file{.emacs} file:
2103 (require 'messcompat)
2106 This will initialize many Message variables from the values in the
2107 corresponding mail variables.
2114 * Responses:: Standard rules for determining where responses go.
2121 To determine where a message is to go, the following algorithm is used
2126 A @dfn{reply} is when you want to respond @emph{just} to the person who
2127 sent the message via mail. There will only be one recipient. To
2128 determine who the recipient will be, the following headers are
2139 A @dfn{wide reply} is a mail response that includes @emph{all} entities
2140 mentioned in the message you are responded to. All mailboxes from the
2141 following headers will be concatenated to form the outgoing
2142 @code{To}/@code{Cc} headers:
2146 (unless there's a @code{Reply-To}, in which case that is used instead).
2153 If a @code{Mail-Copies-To} header is present, it will also be included
2154 in the list of mailboxes. If this header is @samp{never}, that means
2155 that the @code{From} (or @code{Reply-To}) mailbox will be suppressed.
2159 A @dfn{followup} is a response sent via news. The following headers
2160 (listed in order of precedence) determine where the response is to be
2171 If a @code{Mail-Copies-To} header is present, it will be used as the
2172 basis of the new @code{Cc} header, except if this header is